科创中国

利用同步辐射X射线荧光法(Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence,SR-XRF)、离子色谱(Ion Chromatography,IC)、扫描电镜及其能谱分析(Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive microanalysis,SEM-EDX)、同步辐射微束X射线荧光法(Synchrotron radiation micro-beam X-ray fluorescence,μ-XRF)等手段研究上海某垃圾焚烧厂生活垃圾焚烧产物飞灰(Fly ash,FA)、炉渣(Bottom ash,BA)的元素浓度、离子组成、微观形貌、元素面分布,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry,ICP-MS)和X射线吸收精细结构谱(X-ray absorption near-edge structure,XANES)研究灰渣中Pb的同位素比值和化学种态.研究发现,飞灰中多数金属元素浓度高于炉渣中的,Pb、Cd明显富集于飞灰中,元素的富集因子显示Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn等呈极度污染状态.灰渣中水溶性成分主要为Ca、Na、K的氯化盐和硫酸盐,飞灰中离子浓度普遍高于炉渣中的.飞灰颗粒相对于炉渣颗粒粒径小、表面粗糙,更易于重金属的吸附.灰渣颗粒物的元素Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Fe、Mn等并不是均匀分布的,而是呈现局部明显富集.飞灰和炉渣Pb的来源相似,化学种态相似,主要为PbCl2、PbS和PbO.生活垃圾在焚烧过程中元素的迁移分布与元素本身的特性、焚烧环境相关,上海地区生活垃圾焚烧飞灰是危险废弃物,需稳定化处理后才能填埋,炉渣的资源化利用必需经过预处理.

以实际垃圾渗滤液作为厌氧发酵基质,研究了初始pH为7.0、中温(37℃)条件下的发酵产氢、产甲烷特性.结果表明,利用垃圾渗滤液作为基质发酵产氢或甲烷时,氢气的最大累积产量为24.33 mL(以每克COD计,下同),甲烷的最大累积产量为91.59 mL,产氢发酵在初期存在明显的迟滞期,但是产甲烷发酵不存在明显迟滞期;产氢发酵的液相末端产物中含有大量的挥发性有机酸和乙醇,乙醇、乙酸、丁酸质量浓度分别为487.23、1175.21、1225.78 mg/L,相比产氢发酵,产甲烷发酵的液相末端产物中乙醇、乙酸、丁酸质量浓度均较低,分别为256.38、106.73、107.42 mg/L;产甲烷发酵的最终pH是6.32,接近中性,而产氢发酵的最终pH为4.21,呈明显酸性;产甲烷发酵对COD的去除率(41.78%)高于产氢发酵对COD的去除率(32.14%),可能是产氢发酵液相末端产物中的乙酸能被产甲烷菌利用,而被进一步降解.

垃圾焚烧发电是提高城市生活垃圾处理技术的有效举措.本文以芜湖某垃圾发电厂为对象,基于现场水文地质条件和GMS(Groundwater Modeling System)软件分别建立了地质结构模型、地下水流概念模型和数值模型以及溶质运移数值模型,模拟了不同类型污染物的污染路径和污染羽迁移状况,分析了污染对地下水环境可能造成的影响.结论可知:污染物在含水层中会沿地下水流方向呈近似椭圆形状运移,且在水流的反方向亦有运移;同一模拟时段内,COD和氨氮会随时间在局部造成一定程度的污染,但是污染物的垂向迁移距离均未到达细砂含水层,所有污染物在模拟时段内均未抵达长江,故不会影响长江水质.

秸秆焚烧背后隐藏着复杂的社会经济原因,同当前农村生活方式、生产方式的改变以及劳动力转移有很大关系.秸秆资源化利用的全面推进存在诸多困难.对于政府来说,治理秸秆焚烧的污染问题要广拓思路,不能过于依靠命令控制式工具,更要重视经济激励型工具,探索性地尝试自愿型工具.

Hydrostatic mechanical face seals for reactor coolant pumps are very important for the safety and reliability of pressurized-water reactor power plants.More accurate models on the operating mechanism of the seals are needed to help improve their performance.The thermal fluid–solid interaction(TFSI)mechanism of the hydrostatic seal is investigated in this study.Numerical models of the flow field and seal assembly are developed.Based on the mechanism for the continuity condition of the physical quantities at the fluid–solid interface,an on-line numerical TFSI model for the hydrostatic mechanical seal is proposed using an iterative coupling method.Dynamic mesh technology is adopted to adapt to the changing boundary shape.Experiments were performed on a test rig using a full-size test seal to obtain the leakage rate as a function of the differential pressure.The effectiveness and accuracy of the TFSI model were verified by comparing the simulation results and experimental data.Using the TFSI model,the behavior of the seal is presented,including mechanical and thermal deformation,and the temperature field.The influences of the rotating speed and differential pressure of the sealing device on the temperature field,which occur widely in the actual use of the seal,are studied.This research proposes an on-line and assembly-based TFSI model for hydrostatic mechanical face seals,and the model is validated by full-sized experiments.

高达数十倍疯狂暴利,蒙蔽了商人的良心,欧美等发达国家的"洋垃圾"经中转走私进入大陆,涉及欧美、中转地和大陆三地的黑色链条就这样被搭建起来.近日,一起经"荷兰-台湾-大陆"的"洋垃圾"跨境走私路线图浮出水面.

The transient behavior of centrifugal pumps during transient operating periods,such as startup and stopping,has drawn more and more attention recently because of urgent needs in engineering.Up to now,almost all the existing studies on this behavior are limited to using water as working fluid.The study on the transient behavior related to solid-liquid two-phase flow has not been seen yet.In order to explore the transient characteristics of a high specific-speed centrifugal pump during startup period delivering the pure water and solid-liquid two-phase flow,the transient flows inside the pump are numerically simulated using the dynamic mesh method.The variable rotational speed and flow rate with time obtained from experiment are best fitted as the function of time,and are written into computational fluid dynamics(CFD)code-FLUENT by using a user defined function.The predicted heads are compared with experimental results when pumping pure water.The results show that the difference in the transient performance during startup period is very obvious between water and solid-liquid two-phase flow during the later stage of startup process.Moreover,the time for the solid-liquid two-phase flow to achieve a stable condition is longer than that for water.The solid-liquid two-phase flow results in a higher impeller shaft power,a larger dynamic reaction force,a more violent fluctuation in pressure and a reduced stable pressure rise comparing with water.The research may be useful to understanding on the transient behavior of a centrifugal pump under a solid-liquid two-phase flow during startup period.

所谓垃圾气化熔融炉系利用高温使垃圾高温热分解气化后实施高温燃烧使垃圾废弃物中灰渣熔融回收再资源化的一种垃圾废弃物熔融处理炉.简述该气化熔融炉的设备概要、垃圾废弃物气化熔融回收再资源化的工艺流程与优越性.重点介绍了竖炉式垃圾废弃物气化熔融技术的改进,即风口多级化、可燃物风口喷吹新技术以及下段送风预热新技术等新技术的开发与实施.

我国对非正规垃圾填埋场的治理和环境监管还处于起步阶段,国内尚无适用于非正规垃圾填埋场治理效果评价方面的标准、规范.虽然北京市开展非正规垃圾填埋场的治理工作起步较早,但直到2012年才颁布首个采用筛分技术治理非正规垃圾填埋场的监管办法,之前未进行规范治理和未接受监管的非正规垃圾填埋场,由于缺乏有效的技术检验标准,很难评价其治理效果.文中首次根据非正规垃圾填埋场的填埋特征,结合已有的勘查实践经验,研究提出了科学、具有可操作性的治理效果评价的勘测方法与评价原则,并结合具体工程实例,系统总结了治理效果评价的工作程序和技术要点,对今后编制形成适用于非正规垃圾填埋场的治理效果评价导则,规范治理后的评价工作与检验治理效果,具有重要的指导意义.

采用高温固相反应法制备了Sr3-x-yAl2O6:xCe3+,yEu2+(x=0,y=0;x=0.04,y=0;x=0.04,y=0.02;x=0.04,y=0.04;x=0.04,y=0.06;x=0.04,y=0.08;x=0,y=0.04)荧光粉,研究其相组成与荧光特性,结果表明,样品具有单相Sr3Al2O6晶体结构.在360nm波长的紫外光激发下,Ce3+离子辐射出峰值在434nm附近的宽谱蓝光.通过能量传递作用,Eu2+离子辐射峰值为517nm左右的宽谱绿光.Ce3+和Eu2+的荧光组合获得了色坐标为(0.2611,0.3313)的近白光发射.样品的激发光谱分布在250~400nm的波长范围,这种荧光粉有望在紫外或近紫外激发的白光LED中获得应用.