科创中国

Physiological and functional traits, especially those related to behavior and whole-organism performance capacities, are subject to a variety of both parallel and opposing natural and sexual selection pressures. These selection pressures show considerable interspeciflc variation, shaping contemporary behavioral and functional diversity, but the form and intensity of selection on physiological and functional traits can also vary intraspecifically. The same suites of traits can experience quite different se- lection pressures, depending on the sex or age of a given individual, as well as the presence and nature of alternative reproductive strategies and tactics. These inter- and intra-locus genetic conflicts have potentially important consequences for the evolutionary trajectories of traits subject to them. Consequently, any intraspecific conflicts which could displace traits from their selective op- tima in certain classes of individuals relative to others are expected to result in selection for mechanisms to compensate for devia- tion from those optima. Such conflicts include interlocus sexual conflict, intralocus sexual conflict, and interacting phenotypes, as well as conflict within a sex. In this paper, we consider the evidence for, and implications of, such conflicts for physiological and functional traits in diverse taxa, including both vertebrates and invertebrates, and evaluate the various mechanisms, ranging from behavioral and mechanical to energetic and genetic, enabling compensation. We also discuss how pre- and post-mating conflicts, as well as interacting phenotypes, might affect the evolution of behavior and physiological and functional traits. Investigators that seek to understand the links among behavior, morphology, physiology, and function should consider such conflicts.

Aggression is a common behavioral trait shared in many animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. However, the type and intensity of agonistic encounters and displays can vary widely both across and within species, resulting in complicated or subjective interpretations that create difficulties in developing theoretical models that can be widely applied. The need to easily and objectively identify quantifiable behaviors and their associated morphologies becomes especially important when attempting to decipher the neurological mechanisms underlying this complex behavior. Monoamines, neuropeptides, and pheromones have been implicated as important neuromodulators for agonistic displays in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Ad- ditionally, recent breakthroughs in insect research have revealed exciting proximate mechanisms important in aggression that may be broadly relevant, due to the relatively high conservation of these neurochemical systems across animal taxa. In this review, we present the latest research demonstrating the importance of monoamines, neuropeptides, and pheromones as neuromodulators for aggression across a variety of insect species. Additionally, we describe the stalk-eyed fly as a model system for studying aggres- sion, which integrates physiological, morphological, and neurochemical approaches in exploring detailed mechanisms responsible for this common yet complex behavior. We conclude with our perspective on the most promising lines of future research aimed at understanding the proximate and ultimate mechanisms underlying aggressive behaviors .

据2012年4月6日《参考消息》援引法新社巴黎4月4日电,中国古脊椎动物与古人类研究所研究员徐星等在英国《自然》杂志上报告说,在东北辽宁义县组发现了一种奇特的、长羽毛的巨型恐龙化石,化石共有3具,近乎完整,出土的化石包括部分尾部和最有研究价值的头骨,出土地的地质年代为1.25亿年前至自垩纪中期,当时恐龙横行地球.新发现的恐龙已经被命名为"华丽羽王龙".研究报告发表于新一期英国《自然》杂志.

据2012年4月5日《科技日报》援引该报北京4月4日电,中科院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所教授朱敏领导的研究团队,在4月3日出版的《公共科学图书馆·综合》上记述了两种早期鱼类的腰带,首次揭示了硬骨鱼纲的外骨骼腰带.

据2012年4月11日《科技日报》报道,4月10日出版的《自然·通讯》杂志发表了中科院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所研究员朱敏等人的文章,介绍他们发现的空棘鱼头颅化石.

For the last decade, chytridiomycosis was considered to be caused by a single species of fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), but a second chytrid species, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bs), was recently isolated from an in- fected Salamandra salamandra in the Netherlands. To date, Bs has only been found in the Netherlands. To assess whether Bs is present in China, we analyzed a total of 665 samples, including 425 wild samples, 41 preserved specimens, and 199 captive sam- pies, from 30 different species, including both urodeles and anurans. Our sample sites covered 15 provinces in China. All of the samples tested negative for Bs, resulting in a 95% confidence limit for a prevalence of 0.6%. The absence of Bs observed in this large-scale survey in China has significant implications for amphibian conservation and for border trade management strategies intended to control amphibian diseases. We strongly recommend the continued close monitoring of Bs to verify the status of this potentially devastating amphibian fungus in China .

针对长焦距小型化电视的设计要求,采用摄远型光学结构压缩系统的轴向尺寸,使摄远比达到了0.53,并对系统进行了消杂光及光机无热化设计,通过合理地设置光阑减少系统的杂散光,选择合适的结构材料与光学材料相匹配,在整个工作温度范围(-40℃~+65℃),像面漂移量在焦深范围内,20lp/mm时系统的MTF在0.7以上,点列斑4.7μm,小于探测器的像元尺寸6μm ,光轴稳定性达到了0.04 m rad ,系统无需调焦便可满足高低温等恶劣环境下的像质和光轴稳定性要求。试验结果表明:探测和识别特定目标距离均达到了指标要求。

针对传统无差拍控制无法实现有功功率与无功功率解耦控制的问题,在分析无差拍控制原理的基础上,提出一种新的无差拍控制策略,给出了无差拍控制策略占空比的计算方法.该控制策略将三相系统在d,q坐标系下的解耦特性与a,b,c坐标系下的无差拍控制算法有机地结合在一起,不仅实现了有功功率与无功功率的解耦控制,同时还具有控制简单、控制精度高和动态响应快等优点.最后,通过Matlab/Simulink仿真和实验验证了该方案的正确性和有效性.

使用滤食性动物吸食悬浮颗粒的共养法被应用于处理对虾养殖系统中的营养物和颗粒废物.研究调查了紫贻贝与宽沟对虾共养的不同密度对一个封闭的循环水养殖系统中的水质和动物生长的影响.结果显示,系统中的贻贝去除了大量的总氮、总悬浮固体和菌落总数,