科创中国

"那些大甲虫今年还会回来吗?"几个2年级学生问到."我听说蟑螂跟我的拳头一样大!""我们真的能拿着它们吗?"学生问."你想拿着它们吗?"教师问."是的,我们太兴奋啦!"学生们大声呼喊着冲进科学实验室参加利用活的马达加斯加蟑螂和Hexbugs机器人的动手做课程.

Aggression is a common behavioral trait shared in many animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. However, the type and intensity of agonistic encounters and displays can vary widely both across and within species, resulting in complicated or subjective interpretations that create difficulties in developing theoretical models that can be widely applied. The need to easily and objectively identify quantifiable behaviors and their associated morphologies becomes especially important when attempting to decipher the neurological mechanisms underlying this complex behavior. Monoamines, neuropeptides, and pheromones have been implicated as important neuromodulators for agonistic displays in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Ad- ditionally, recent breakthroughs in insect research have revealed exciting proximate mechanisms important in aggression that may be broadly relevant, due to the relatively high conservation of these neurochemical systems across animal taxa. In this review, we present the latest research demonstrating the importance of monoamines, neuropeptides, and pheromones as neuromodulators for aggression across a variety of insect species. Additionally, we describe the stalk-eyed fly as a model system for studying aggres- sion, which integrates physiological, morphological, and neurochemical approaches in exploring detailed mechanisms responsible for this common yet complex behavior. We conclude with our perspective on the most promising lines of future research aimed at understanding the proximate and ultimate mechanisms underlying aggressive behaviors .

开放科学是创新者对知识的开放披露行为,它可以促进知识的开放与共享,有利于提高创新的社会福利.开放科学行为普遍存在于学术与产业部门,它具有"科学-商业"二元价值观.基于这种观点,本研究对科学家开放科学的动机进行了全新的解释,构建了"职业-产权-地位-经济"四维动机的理论框架.并通过对两部门883名科学家的实证测量,验证了理论框架的合理性,找出了两部门科学家开放科学动机的差异性,并为政策制定者和企业管理者提供了重要的启示.

收集医学昆虫共计45科621属6 617种,对它们的分布资料用相似性通用公式和多元相似性聚类分析法进行定量分析,聚类结果非常接近于以植食性为主的中国昆虫的整体分析结果,而和中国高等动物的分布格局相去甚远.最后提出值得进一步探讨的几个原因.

具有来华传教士和人类学家双重身份的康国泰,在中国甘肃、青海传教时,对甘南土人的生活进行了人类学观察,最终成为一名以研究土族社会而闻名的人类学家.本文主要关注作为人类学家的康国泰的人生经历,并试图从他个人的社会背景、主要研究内容、研究视角、理论方法学方面,来探讨19世纪末至20世纪初期中西方人类学史的发展历程.

科学家在公众头脑中的形象非常重要.基于一项以公众为对象的随机抽样调查数据,文章分析了中国公众头脑中的科学家形象的特点,以及影响这种印象的重要因素.分析结果发现:流行文化中塑造的关于科学家“书呆子”式的刻板印象普遍存在于中国公众头脑中,其刻板化程度明显高于美国等发达国家.多元线性回归分析显示,对科学家的了解程度,电视、科幻小说等大众媒体,以及与科学家的接触机会等因素,都是影响公众这种刻板印象程度的重要因素.文章最后讨论了这些发现的政策含义,并指出了未来研究的重要议题.

英国研究人员日前公布了他们研发的一种新型发电装置,可利用人们走路时膝盖的活动来发电,能为随身携带的电子设备供电,这项发明在军事等多个领域都有广阔的应用前景.