科创中国

"那些大甲虫今年还会回来吗?"几个2年级学生问到."我听说蟑螂跟我的拳头一样大!""我们真的能拿着它们吗?"学生问."你想拿着它们吗?"教师问."是的,我们太兴奋啦!"学生们大声呼喊着冲进科学实验室参加利用活的马达加斯加蟑螂和Hexbugs机器人的动手做课程.

Aggression is a common behavioral trait shared in many animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. However, the type and intensity of agonistic encounters and displays can vary widely both across and within species, resulting in complicated or subjective interpretations that create difficulties in developing theoretical models that can be widely applied. The need to easily and objectively identify quantifiable behaviors and their associated morphologies becomes especially important when attempting to decipher the neurological mechanisms underlying this complex behavior. Monoamines, neuropeptides, and pheromones have been implicated as important neuromodulators for agonistic displays in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Ad- ditionally, recent breakthroughs in insect research have revealed exciting proximate mechanisms important in aggression that may be broadly relevant, due to the relatively high conservation of these neurochemical systems across animal taxa. In this review, we present the latest research demonstrating the importance of monoamines, neuropeptides, and pheromones as neuromodulators for aggression across a variety of insect species. Additionally, we describe the stalk-eyed fly as a model system for studying aggres- sion, which integrates physiological, morphological, and neurochemical approaches in exploring detailed mechanisms responsible for this common yet complex behavior. We conclude with our perspective on the most promising lines of future research aimed at understanding the proximate and ultimate mechanisms underlying aggressive behaviors .

收集医学昆虫共计45科621属6 617种,对它们的分布资料用相似性通用公式和多元相似性聚类分析法进行定量分析,聚类结果非常接近于以植食性为主的中国昆虫的整体分析结果,而和中国高等动物的分布格局相去甚远.最后提出值得进一步探讨的几个原因.

目的 观察视盘倾斜综合征(TDS)患者黄斑区脉络膜和视网膜色素上皮(RPE)层厚度.方法 描述性研究.临床检查确诊的TDS患者22例30只眼(TDS组)纳入研究.其中,男性8例11只眼,女性14例19只眼;平均年龄(9.00±2.78)岁.最佳矫正视力(BCVA) 0.3~1.0;平均等效球镜度数(-3.44±2.22)DS.选取同期等效球镜度数相匹配的志愿者15名30只眼作为对照组.其中,男性8名16只眼,女性7名14只眼;平均年龄(9.33士1.11)岁.BCVA均≥1.0;平均等效球镜度数(-3.18±1.13) DS.两组受检者等效球镜度数比较,差异无统计学意义(t=-1.648,P=0.110).应用频域光相干断层扫描深度增强成像技术测量受检者黄斑中心凹下,通过黄斑中心凹的水平方向和垂直方向距黄斑中心凹鼻侧、颞侧、上方、下方各500、1000、1500、2000 μm处共17个位点的脉络膜、RPE层厚度.定量分析TDS组黄斑区脉络膜、RPE层厚度.结果 TDS组、对照组黄斑中心凹平均脉络膜厚度分别为(235.53±51.77)、(273.45±60.35) μm.两组黄斑中心凹平均脉络膜厚度比较,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.612,P=0.011).TDS组黄斑中心凹水平(F=24.180)、垂直(F=23.390)方向各位点之间脉络膜厚度比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000);黄斑中心凹水平方向脉络膜厚度除鼻侧1000 μm外,其余各位点脉络膜厚度均较对照组薄,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).垂直方向黄斑中心凹及下方各位点脉络膜厚度均较对照组变薄,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).TDS组、对照组黄斑中心凹平均RPE层厚度分别为(32.56±5.00)、(36.58±3.60) μm.两组黄斑中心凹平均RPE层厚度比较,差异有统计学意义(t=-3.567,P=0.001).两组RPE层厚度均表现为中心凹处最厚,TDS组RPE层各位点厚度均较对照组变薄,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 TDS患者脉络膜、RPE层厚度均较正常人变薄.

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