科创中国

Despite?their?importance?to?conservation,?reintroductions?are?still?a?risky?endeavor?and?tend?to?fail,?highlighting?the?need?for?more?efficient?post-release?monitoring?techniques.?Reintroduced?animals?are?released?into?unfamiliar?novel?environ?ments?and?must?explore?their?surroundings?to?gain?knowledge?in?order?to?survive.?According?to?theory,?knowledge?gain?should?be?followed?by?subsequent?changes?to?the?animal's?movement?behavior,?making?movement?behavior?an?excellent?indicator?of?reintroduction?progress.?We?aim?to?conceptually?describe?a?logical?process?that?will?enable?the?inclusion?of?behavior?(in?particular,?movement?behavior)?in?management?decision-making?post-reintroductions,?and?to?do?so,?we?provide?four?basic?components?that?a?manager?should?look?for?in?the?behaviors?of?released?animals.?The?suggested?components?are?release-site?fidelity,?recurring?locations,?proximity?to?other?individuals,?and?individual?variation?in?movement?behavior.?These?components?are?by?no?means?the?only?possible?ones?available?to?a?manager,?but?they?provide?an?efficient?tool?to?understanding?animals'?decision-making?based?on?ecological?theory;?namely,?the?exploration-exploitation?trade-off?that?released?animals?go?through,?and?which?underlies?their?behavior.?We?demonstrate?our?conceptual?approach?using?data?from?two?ungulate?species?reintroduced?in?Israel:?the?Persian?fallow?deer?Dama?mesopotamica?and?the?Arabian?oryx?Oryx?leucoryx?[Current?Zoology?60?(4):?515-526,?2014]?.

Black capuchin monkeys Sapajus nigritus are among several mammalian species that damage forest plantations, pri- marily plantations of pine trees (Pinus spp.) in South Brazil. Management practices to reduce these damages include supplemen- tary food offerings and plantation surveillance. To assess the efficiency of these techniques, four treatments were evaluated: feeding (F, with supplementary bananas and maize), surveillance (S, in situ, wherein men patrolled the plantations, deterring the monkeys), feeding + surveillance (FS) and control (no procedures) (C). The efficiency assessment of each treatment involved the number of recorded primate sightings in the treatments with the presence of guards (S and FS) and a damage inventory of the outskirts of the experimental points immediately before and after the experiment. These data were complemented by a simulta- neous study of the availability of fruit, the primary item in the diet of this primate species, in the remnant native forest in the study area. Most sightings of S. nigritus occurred early in the morning, and in general, sightings were inversely proportional to the availability of native fruits. This trend was most evident in treatment FS, most likely due to the presence of food. Treatments F and FS exhibited higher percentages of damage, indicating that these are inefficient management techniques. Treatment S exhi- bited the lowest damage rate, but at a high cost, making this technique difficult to apply over large expanses. The development of other management techniques, such as environmental enrichment and the use of deterrents, is recommended to minimize the damage caused by capuchins in forest plantations [Current Zoology 60 (5): 581-590, 2014].

使用滤食性动物吸食悬浮颗粒的共养法被应用于处理对虾养殖系统中的营养物和颗粒废物.研究调查了紫贻贝与宽沟对虾共养的不同密度对一个封闭的循环水养殖系统中的水质和动物生长的影响.结果显示,系统中的贻贝去除了大量的总氮、总悬浮固体和菌落总数,

一项对啮齿类动物的研究显示出,婴儿的记忆会被最新生成的脑细胞所擦除.这项发现或许会对困扰人类1个世纪之久的谜团,即为什么人类不能回忆起早期孩童时期的事情作出解释.

目的:通过建立肥胖大鼠低氧训练模型,观察血清Visfatin含量和脂肪组织Visfatin基因表达水平,探讨低氧训练对肥胖大鼠Visfatin的影响.方法:单纯性肥胖大鼠建模成功后,筛选130只随机分为13组:对照0周组,低氧安静1、2、3、4周组,常氧训练1、2、3、4周组,低氧训练1、2、3、4周组.低氧环境模拟海拔3 500 m(氧浓度13.6%);常氧和低氧训练组分别以25 m/min、20 m/min进行跑台训练,各训练组持续运动1 h/d、6 d/w、1~4周.采用ELISA法测试血清Visfatin含量,荧光定量PCR法测试附睾脂肪Visfain mRNA相对表达量.结果:1)肥胖大鼠0周时血清Visfatin含量(50.095±9.092 μg/L)显著高于其他各周(P<0.01),常氧训练第1、2、3、4周时分别为17.856±3.596 μg/L、27.002±10.475 μg/L、26.866±7.107μg/L、36.385±5.455 μg/L,低氧安静组第1、2、3、4周时分别为22.382±6.356μg/L、24.662±6.654μg/L、25.764士9.382 μg/L、34.504±6.946 μg/L,低氧训练组第1、2、3、4周时分别为17.227士5.106 μg/L、18.360士5.181 μg/L、15.065±4.466μg/L、16.689±7.728μg/L;常氧训练和低氧安静组,其变化趋势一致,第1周显著性下降(P<0.01),随后回升;而低氧训练组一直保持在低水平,后3周均显著低于其他两组(P<0.01).2)肥胖大鼠0周时脂肪组织Visfatin mRNA相对表达量为0.0658±0.0263,常氧训练组第1、2、3、4周时分别为0.0569±0.0237、0.0499±0.0130、0.0653±0.0288、0.1071±0.0437,第4周时显著高于第1、2、3周时水平(P<0.01);低氧安静组第1、2、3、4周时分别为0.0883±0.0442、0.0990±0.0570、0.0507±0.0178、0.0883±0.0312;低氧训练组第1、2、3、4周时则表现出下降的趋势,分别为0.1102±0.0368、0.0845±0.0238、0.0679±0.0245、0.0668±0.0298,低氧训练第4周时其相对表达量低于常氧训练和低氧安静组,与常氧训练组比较差异显著(P<0.05).结论:1)低氧训练控制肥胖大鼠血清Visfatin水平较常氧训练和低氧安静曼为有效;2)与常氧训练和低氧安静比较,低氧训练下调脂肪组织Visfatin基因表达作用更明显.

目的:探讨建立人胰腺癌PANC-1裸鼠移植瘤模型的最佳实验方法,并应用该模型进行载基因纳米微粒体内效应的研究。方法:将不同数量PANC-1细胞悬液接种于BALB/c (nu/nu)小鼠右侧背部皮下,当肿瘤体积达100 mm 3时尾静脉注射siRNACY 5.5纳米复合物进行活体荧光成像。此外,于尾静脉注射负载siRNA Kras纳米复合物,蛋白印迹及免疫组织化学染色法观察肿瘤组织Kras蛋白表达水平。结果:1×107 cells/300μL 接种成瘤率达100%,成瘤时间<2周。荧光呈像及组织学检查显示载siRNA纳米微粒可靶向聚集在肿瘤组织发挥体内基因沉默效应。结论:本研究报道的人胰腺癌裸鼠移植瘤模型建立方法成瘤率达100%,成瘤时间短,是研究药物示踪和观察疗效的理想模型。

目的:应用新设计的后牙双斜面导板装置建立下颌"渐进式"后退的动物模型.方法:选择6周龄健康雄性大鼠48只并随机分为实验组(n=32)和对照组(n=16),实验组(戴矫治器)和对照组(不戴矫治器)再随机分为4个实验小组.分别在3、14、21、30、60 d处死动物.结果:整个观察期,双斜面导板装置固位良好,下颌后退明显;实验组和对照组体重增加率基本相同.结论:在60 d的观察期内,后牙双斜面导板装置能在正常的咀嚼功能下成功引导下颌渐进式后退.

目的:建立新生SD大鼠高胆红素血症和胆红素脑病模型并评价其效果。方法:将3日龄SD新生大鼠按窝系和体重随机均分为7组,分别经腹腔注射生理盐水(Con)以及胆红素6.25μg/g(T1)、12.5μg/g (T2)、25μg/g(T3)、50μg/g(T4)、100μg/g(T5)和200μg/g(T6),每天2次,共3 d。末次注射12 h后拍照、称重、取材,称量胃内容物重量,计算胃内容物指数和肝/体重比,测定血清总胆红素和游离胆红素浓度,检测脑组织的含水量、胆红素含量和ATP含量,HE和尼氏染色进行形态学检测。结果:随着注射次数和剂量的增加,新生鼠的一般表现逐渐变差,皮肤和黏膜黄染加重,活动次数逐渐减少,体重增长被抑制,T6组出现体重负增长;死亡率逐渐升高,T6组72 h死亡率接近100%,停止注射后观察1周,T4和T5组死亡率继续升高;与Con和T1组相比,T3~T5组胃内容物重量及其指数显著降低(P<0.05);T5组肝/体重比显著升高(P<0.05);血清总胆红素、游离胆红素和脑组织总胆红素的浓度在T1~T5组逐渐递增;各组大鼠脑组织的含水量没有差异;脑组织ATP含量在T1~T5组先升高后降低,T3组达高峰,与Con 组相比,T4组和T5组显著降低( P<0.05)。 HE染色结果显示:随着胆红素浓度升高,各组大鼠大脑皮层神经元数量逐渐减少,T4和T5组神经元结构紊乱,细胞肿胀,部分细胞核染色质致密浓缩。尼氏染色显示,随着胆红素浓度增多,神经元胞体逐渐变小,尼氏小体减少、染色逐渐变浅, T4和T5组部分神经元溶解甚至消失。结论:新生3日龄SD大鼠腹腔注射胆红素12.5、25、50和100μg/g,每天2次,注射3 d可致高胆红素血症,50和100μg/g可引起胆红素脑病的发生。

肺动脉高压(pulmonary arterial hypertension,PAH)作为逐渐得到重视的一大类心血管疾病,其主要特征是肺血管重构引起的阻力进行性升高,最终导致患者右心衰竭而死亡.2003年美国胸科医师学院(American College of Chest Physicians,ACCP)和欧洲心血管病协会(European Society of Cardiology,