科创中国

We?examine?the?conservation?status?of?Africa's?"Big?Five":?lion,?leopard,?buffalo,?black?and?white?rhinoceros?and?elephant,?and?the?role?of?behavioral?knowledge?in?their?conservation.?Efforts?to?conserve?these?flagship?species?consist?of?in?situ?conservation,?captive?breeding?and?reintroductions.?With?a?few?exceptions,?we?find?limited?evidence?that?knowledge?of?behavior?informs?conservation?programs?targeted?at?these?species.?For?management?in?the?wild,?knowledge?of?infanticide?and?ranging?can?provide?guidelines?for?realistic?hunting?quotas?and?corridors?between?protected?areas,?respectively.?For?ex?situ?and?reintroduction?programs,?behavioral?knowledge?is?chiefly?focused?on?improved?animal?husbandry.?Despite?a?formidable?understanding?of?these?species'?behavior,?the?practicalities?of?using?such?knowledge?may?be?diminished?because?exploitation?of?these?species?is?so?forceful?and?the?bulk?of?efforts?aimed?at?conserving?these?species?(and?indeed?most?other?African?species)?are?primarily?in?situ?where?behaviorally?driven?interventions?are?limited.?Our?comparative?findings?suggest?that?behavior?has?been?of?rather?narrow?use?in?the?conservation?of?these?flagship?species?[Current?Zoology?60?(4):?486--499,?2014].

Conservation?of?endangered?sympatric?species?must?be?carefully?executed?to?ensure?that?the?protection?of?one?species?does?not?negatively?impact?the?survival?of?another.?Critically?endangered?Pecos?gambusia?Gambusia?nobilis?and?Leon?Springs?pupfish?Cyprinodon?bovinus,?which?are?endemic?to?a?threatened?desert?spring?habitat,?exemplify?one?such?scenario.?Recently,?this?habitat?has?been?expanded,?and?captively?bred?C.?bovinus?were?released?to?repopulate?an?area?historically?known?to?contain?this?species.?A?previous?study?suggested?that?G.?nobilis?are?detrimental?to?C.?bovinus?populations,?due?to?their?tendency?to?congregate?near?spawning?pairs?and?feed?on?their?eggs.?Whether?G.?nobilis?are?attracted?to?territorial?C.?bovinus,?regardless?of?spawning?behavior,?remains?unclear.?To?determine?this,?the?number?of?G.?nobilis?in?occupied?and?unoccupied?breeding?territories?of?both?wild?and?captively?bred?C.?bovinus?was?measured.?Gambusia?nobilis?densities?were?similar?between?unoccupied?and?occupied?territorial?sites,?suggesting?that?they?do?not?show?a?preference?for?C.?bovinus?territories.?Regardless?of?habitat?location?or?prior?captivity,?territorial?C.?bovinus?significantly?excluded?G.?nobilis?within?their?direct?vicinity?(5?cm),?but?not?from?their?entire?territory.?Decreased?G.?nobilis?density?within?the?habitat?may?allow?C.?bovinus?to?defend?their?breeding?territories?more?readily?during?the?summer?spawning?season.?This?study?provides?empirical?evidence?of?captively?raised?individuals?behaving?similarly?to?wild?indi-?viduals?upon?reintroduction?to?their?natural?habitat?and?support?for?conservation?methods?that?focus?on?common?limiting?factors?between?endangered?species?[Current?Zoology?60?(4):?527-533,?2014].

莽山国家森林公园地处湘粤交界的南岭山脉中段,拥有30万亩森林.是珍稀动植物的乐园.全园生物种类丰富,有高等植物2600多种、脊椎动物300多种、昆虫8000多种.在这些物种当中,包括国家重点保护野生植物23种、重点保护野生动物33种.丰富的物种生物资源、良好的生态环境,为开展科普活动提供了坚实基础和广阔空间.

总结了近年来在鱼类物种鉴定中常用的DNA序列分析、DNA指纹技术、物种特异性聚合酶链式反应和实时荧光PCR技术等DNA检测方法,同时对各类方法的特点和局限性进行了分析.

本文以云南西部横断山区(约北纬21°00′~29°00′;东经97°30′~102°00′)为研究的空间范围和尺度,在该区域蚤类区系和物种多样性系列研究及调查数据的基础上,应用Pearson线性相关分析法,就蚤类的科、属、种多样性空间分布特征及其关系进行分析和探讨。结果发现,横断山区蚤类多样性随着纬度、海拔梯度和气候环境的变化,它们的组成和分布明显不同。比较而言,蚤类科、属、种丰富度在北纬25°00′~27°00′N之间较高;蚤类科、属在海拔2500~2900 m之间最高,而物种丰富度在海拔2500~3800 m之间最高。分析显示:(1)在北纬21°00′~29°00′之间水平梯度带的分布中,蚤类物种-属-科丰富度之间均呈显著相关,其中物种-属和属-科丰富度之间呈极显著相关,而物种-科丰富度之间呈显著相关,前二者大于后者;(2)在海拔500~5000 m之间垂直梯度带的分布中,蚤类物种-属、属-科丰富度之间呈显著相关,而物种-科丰富度之间的关系不显著;(3)8个山峰不同森林植被带蚤类科、属、种丰富度之间相关度与多样性指数之间关系的分析显示:蚤类科-属、科-种丰富度的相关性与物种多样性指数之间都呈负相关,而属-种丰富度相关性与物种多样性指数之间呈正相关,但他们的相关性均不显著。横断山区(局部地区)蚤类科、属、种丰富度随着纬度、海拔梯度和气候环境的变化其分布特征各不相同,但是,蚤类科、属、种丰富度之间沿纬度或海拔梯度的空间分布上都有着基本类似的正相关关系。此外,不同山峰(局域)蚤类科、属、种丰富度之间相关性并非一致及其与物种多样性指数关系并不密切。它们共同反映了横断山区蚤类科、属、种多样性空间分布特征,协同进化的趋势、差异以及环境因素对它们的影响。

为明确山东省棉田杂草发生、危害情况,采用倒置"W"取样法对山东省主要棉区杂草种类及其群落结构进行了调查,并进行物种多样性分析.结果表明:山东省棉田杂草68种,隶属于24科、49属,其中优势杂草4种,区域优势杂草10种,常见杂草17种,一般杂草37种.牛筋草Eleusine indica、马齿苋Portulaca oleracea、马唐Digitaria sanguinalis、铁苋菜Acalypha australis是构成不同棉区杂草群落的优势杂草.鲁西南棉区物种丰富度、多样性均高于其它棉区,但辛普森指数和均匀度指数低于鲁西北棉区.从相似性指数和聚类分析结果可以看出,山东省4个主要棉区可归为两大类,其中鲁北和鲁东北棉区的杂草群落结构最为相似,相似性指数高达0.833;鲁西南和鲁西北棉区归为另一类,相似性指数仅为0.637.

根据微生物的组成单位不同,把微生物分为原核生物类、真核生物类、病毒类和亚病毒类.对高中生物学教学中有关的微生物进行了分类比较,并对这些微生物的结构特点进行了总结.