科创中国

Recursion?by?herbivores?is?the?repeated?use?of?the?same?site?or?plants.?Recursion?by?wild?animals?is?rarely?investigated?but?may?be?ubiquitous.?Optimal?foraging?theory?predicts?site?recursion?as?a?function?of?the?quality?of?the?site,?extent?of?its?last?use,?and?time?since?its?last?use?because?these?influence?site?resource?status?and?recovery.?We?used?GPS?collars,?behaviour?and?site?sampling?to?investigate?recursion?to?foraging?sites?for?two?elephant?Elephas?maximus?borneensis?herds?in?the?Lower?Kinabatangan?Wildlife?Sanctuary,?Borneo,?over?a?12?month?period.?Recursion?occurred?to?48?out?of?87?foraging?sites?and?was?most?common?within?48?hours?or?between?151-250?days,?indicating?two?different?types?ofrecursion.?Recursion?was?more?likely?to?occur?if?the?site?had?previously?been?occupied?for?longer.?Moreover,?the?time?spent?at?a?site?at?recursion?was?the?same?as?the?time?spent?at?the?site?on?the?first?occasion.?The?number?of?days?that?had?passed?between?the?first?visit?and?recursion?was?also?positively?correlated?with?how?much?time?was?spent?at?the?site?at?recursion.?Habitat?type?also?influenced?the?intensity?of?site-use,?with?more?time?spent?at?recursion?within?riverine/open?grass?areas?along?forest?margins?compared?to?other?habitat?types.?Recursion?is?a?common?behaviour?used?by?the?elephants?and?its?pattern?suggests?it?may?be?a?foraging?strategy?for?revisiting?areas?of?greater?value.?The?qualities?of?recursion?sites?might?usefully?be?incorporated?into?landscape?management?strategies?for?elephant?conservation?in?the?area?[Current?Zoology?60?(4):?551-559,?2014].

灾疫文化是人类应对灾害和疫病而创造出来的自救文化,它伴随人类始终,构成人类文明的持续不衰的动力.当代地球失律和气候失律,导致灾疫失律,即灾疫的日益全球化、日常生活化和治理的日常政务化趋势,迫使灾疫文化研究必然兴起,并以重建生境和生境主义文明为根本目标.围绕此一目标要求,灾疫文化研究必须探讨当代灾疫失律的自然机理和人力机制,揭示"自然、生命、人、社会"共在互存、共生互生的生态逻辑和限度生存的世界原理,探索生境主义道路,构建生境主义价值体系,以为在全社会范围内展开生境主义的灾疫启蒙教育提供认知、思想、智慧和方法资源.

目的:研究容量控制通气中,如何保证进入患者肺内的有效潮气量接近医生的设置值。方法呼吸机通气模式选择容量控制通气模式。模拟肺选择主动模肺ASL 5000或密歇根模拟肺1601,气阻、气容和肺类型等参数在模拟肺中设置。潮气量数值从呼吸机测试仪PF 300上读取。在同一潮气量设置情况下,改变模拟肺类型、管路顺应性、泄漏状态、气体类型等设置,测量E5、Servo i、Evital 4、Evital XL呼吸机中的潮气量,对结果进行分析、比较。结果在呼吸机潮气量设置值不变的情况下,不同肺类型、呼吸机泄漏、呼吸机管路顺应性和气体类型的设置都会对实际进入患者体内的潮气量带来很大的影响。患者肺顺应性的降低和阻力的增加将引起较高的气道峰压,从而使得在管路中损失的潮气量增加,进入患者肺内的有效潮气量减少。当回路存在泄漏而呼吸机又不能够提供泄漏补偿功能时,进入患者肺内的有效潮气量也会效减少。当呼吸机的气体类型设置和患者吸入气体类型不一致时,也可能使进入患者体内的有效潮气量和呼吸机的设置值存在很大差别。结论如希望进入患者肺内的有效潮气量接近医生的设置值,至少应对管路顺应性、泄漏状态、气体类型等可控因素进行精确控制和有效补偿。

Models of optimal escape strategy predict that animals should move away when the costs of fleeing (metabolic and opportunity costs) are outweighed by the costs of remaining. These theoretical models predict that more vulnerable individuals should be more reactive, moving away when an approaching threat is further away. We tested whether escape behaviour (includ- ing 'escape calling') ofLithobates sphenocephalus approached by a human was influenced by body size or the initial microhabi- tat that the individual was found in. Irrespective of their size, frogs in the open tended to remain immobile, enhancing their cryp- sis. Frogs in cover showed different responses according to their body size, but, contrary to our initial predictions, larger frogs showed greater responsiveness (longer flight initiation distance and distances fled) than small frogs. Small frogs tended to remain closer to water and escaped into water, while larger individuals were more likely to jump to terrestrial cover and call during escape. Density of frogs near the focal animal had no effect on escape behaviour. This study indicates a range of escape responses in this species and points to the importance of divergent escape choices for organisms which live on the edge of different environments .

黑格尔的《美学》企求得到历史与逻辑的统一,但其中有几个基本问题甚为难解.黑格尔以艺术美的理想-理念的感性显现展开他的思辨,分析问题时在逻辑上暗含两个尺度:一是物质性与精神性的转化,一是形式与内容的关系,导致理论阐述上的某些混乱.他所描述的艺术从象征型到古典型再到浪漫型的"花环"不可能囊括各个艺术门类,选择从建筑开始,并且不考虑舞蹈和戏剧,是让历史服务于他既定的逻辑,有削足适履之嫌.不过,黑格尔区分三种类型的艺术美虽然不适合艺术形体学,却适用于艺术神态学,并揭示了艺术嬗变的普遍规律,可为艺术发展周期的探讨提供丰富的思想资源.

失范是制度、文化、心理、交往和主体方面的结构性失衡与功能性弱化状态的显性表达.在网络社会中,道德价值、道德规范的结构性失衡、局部性缺失以及社会化能力减弱,造成个体和群体认知、心理和行为的混乱,进而引发网络空间秩序的失范.网络道德失范既是一种文化价值的失范,又是网络心理行为的失范,实质上是人的生存方式和实践方式的失范,是人的存在方式的失范.基于对网络道德价值现象的图像化审视,加强网络技术控制,优化网络空间,加快网络立法,构建网络价值范式,主倡网络群体示范,成为应对网络道德失范的有效路径.

中国制造的传统资源禀赋比较优势正在减弱,低成本创新成为转型升级过程中制造企业的自发需求.为了探索低成本创新驱动制造业高端化可能路径,运用程序化扎根理论方法开展质化研究.通过个案访谈和案例研究收集数据,经开放性译码、主轴译码和选择性译码,界定了低成本创新的概念,构建了低成本创新驱动制造业高端化的路径模型,揭示了技术、设计、市场和组织等管理要素的变革整合是低成本创新的动力源.研究丰富了创新管理理论,也为中国制造通过低成本创新实现高端化发展提供了借鉴.

以王澍的思想和作品为研究对象,指出“观想方式”是被传统定义的视觉-心灵构造.在建筑中,它表现为一系列空间视错觉构造法,框定着文明视野下的审美体验和精神情操.传统观念中“相似相续”的世界观,通过撷取物象、拼贴组合,建立起一套“模件化”的类型学符号体系,作为造型手段,让事物间生成连续的微差,以此“道法自然”.进而指出园林与诗歌和山水画分享类似的观想方式,讨论王澍是如何将这一观念应用于设计实践,成就了独特的设计语言,以传统艺术为路径,对“观想方式”的回忆和再造,本质上是一种精神语言的突围重生.

本文依托十天高速公路汉中西段沿线高填方边坡病害治理工程,归纳总结了该高速公路沿线的环境因素、基本地质条件和边坡特征,分析了高填方边坡病害类型及失稳破坏模式,并针对不同类型病害体的发生发展机理和变形原因,开展了相应的防治工程措施的研究,为今后山区高速公路建设中高填方边坡病害预防和治理提供借鉴.