科创中国

为探讨吡虫啉对绿盲蝽种群数量的控制作用,2011-2012年连续两年采用种子包衣、颗粒剂穴施和灌根处理棉花,并结合种植绿豆诱集带的方式,研究其对棉田绿盲蝽种群动态的影响.在吡虫啉有效成分用量为1 500 g/hm^2时,棉花颗粒剂穴施+绿豆诱集带颗粒剂穴施、灌根和颗粒剂穴施3种处理,对棉田绿盲蝽种群数量控制作用较好,自棉花苗期至8月中旬花铃期百株绿盲蝽数量分别为12、15、17、8、19头,均低于为害经济阈值,控制有效期接近110 d;在吡虫啉有效成分用量为900 g/hm^2时的棉花颗粒剂穴施、灌根处理以及吡虫啉有效成分用量为675 g/hm^2的棉花种子包衣+绿豆诱集带种子包衣处理,对棉田绿盲蝽种群数量控制作用次之,控制期在100 d左右.单一棉花种子包衣处理控制效果低于上述处理,持效接近90 d.各处理对棉叶受害指数减退率的影响与其对绿盲蝽种群数量的控制结果基本一致,表明棉田吡虫啉颗粒剂穴施及液体制剂灌根施药是控制绿盲蝽为害的有效施药手段.

为全面掌握上海中心城区蚊虫种群动态及新变化,选取城区蚊虫较易出现的公园和绿化区域环境类型(人民广场及人民公园地区),采用CO2诱捕法进行连续超过220 d的成蚊动态监测研究.结果显示,2012年224 d共捕捉到蚊虫20 826头,包括3属6种;淡色库蚊和白纹伊蚊为上海中心城区优势蚊种(构成比分别为71.8%和19.7%);不同蚊种季节分布差异性显著,淡色库蚊和白纹伊蚊高峰期分别位于5~6月和7~8月,且整体上淡色库蚊密度高于白纹伊蚊(除8月下旬外,其余均P <0.05),三带喙库蚊在7月中下旬显著上升(分别为681和580头/旬);蚊虫日变化趋势波动幅度较大,在相同的月份或季节亦出现较大日变化差异;将2008 ~2011年历史监测数据与2012年进行趋势比较,仅个别年份间有显著相关性;不同年份间的旬分布亦存在统计学差异.本研究提示,上海市中心城区的优势蚊种仍为淡色库蚊和白纹伊蚊,该两种蚊种的季节分布与某些文献报道存在差异,主要由上海城区的气候特点决定;上海城区的蚊媒防治工作仍应针对这两种蚊虫的季节分布采取针对性的有效防控措施,此外三带喙库蚊对城市环境的适应性不断提高,为上海城区的蚊媒防治工作提出了新的挑战.

Behavioral?research?has?long?had?an?important?role?in?the?conservation?of?terns?(Ayes:?Stemidae).?Habitat?management?and?restoration?of?breeding?colony?sites?depends?on?knowledge?of?the?cues?used?to?select?colony?and?nest?sites.?For?example,?conspecific?attraction?with?playback?and?decoys?is?commonly?used?to?bring?terns?to?suitable?colony?sites?and?habitat?modification?is?often?used?to?increase?the?availability?of?suitable?nest?sites.?Tern?colonies?are?interconnected?by?dispersal,?and?a?metapopulation?approach?is?needed?for?effective?management.?Population?dynamics?are?therefore?affected?by?behaviors?that?influence?the?frequency?of?movement?among?colony?sites:?site?fidelity,?natal?and?breeding?dispersal,?and?group?adherence.?The?monogamous?breeding?system?of?terns?should?keep?effective?population?size?similar?to?census?population?size,?but?variation?in?sex?ratios?(likely?resulting?from?sex?differences?in?behavior)?and?in?parental?quality?can?result?in?a?smaller?than?expected?effective?population?size.?In?addition?to?the?behavior?of?terns,?knowledge?of?the?behavior?of?predators?on?terns?contributes?to?management?plans,?because?predator?behavior?can?sometimes?be?manipulated?and?predation?is?often?performed?by?only?a?few?specialized?individuals.?Other?examples?of?links?between?tern?behavior?and?conservation?are?also?briefly?reviewed,?such?as?behavioral?toxicology?research?and?studies?of?behavioral?responses?to?human?disturbance?and?manmade?structures.?More?work?is?needed?on?the?behavior?of?migratory?terns?at?staging?sites,?stopover?sites?and?wintering?grounds,?and?on?the?behavior?of?less?well-studied?species?and?species?in?less?well-studied?geographic?regions?[Current?Zoology?60?(4):?500-514,?2014].

Studying movements is essential for shedding light on a number of issues related to avian biology: behavioral aspects such as foraging, migratory routes and strategies, navigation and orientation mechanisms; ecological aspects such as metapopulation dynamics, insular biogeography, seed dispersal, disease spread; conservation biology such as the effects of habitat fragmentation, identification of key areas deserving protection, effects of climate change. Despite these relevant issues, the topic of "Movement ecology" on its own has only been highlighted recently (Nathan et al., 2008);although, the investigation of animal movements has always been one of the most fascinating topics for any zoologist and often is also quite a difficult task.

在生态系统中,时滞对种群稳定性的影响一直是研究的重点内容之一.考虑了一类具有时滞的三种群食物链模型,利用微分不等式得到了种群的有界性;利用Matlab软件下的Simulink平台,对种群模型进行了数值仿真,得到了不同参数情况下的相空间轨迹,通过分岔图说明时滞对种群模型稳定性的影响.

在种群的增长率满足广义logistic方程的情况下,建立了在污染环境中一类新的单种群模型,给出了该模型中种群一致持续生存和灭绝的充分条件.这里建立的模型是He和Wang[Appl.Math.Modell.31(2007)2227-2238]中模型的改进.

放入式电子测压器用来测量火炮膛压,用测压器静态校准的灵敏度直接用于动态压力的测量会给测量结果带来很大误差,为了减小测试环境对测压器的影响,提出了环境因子校准的思想,研制了能模拟火炮膛内高温高压环境的模拟膛压发生器,建立了环境因子校准系统,分析了环境因子校准的必要性,介绍了校准系统的数据处理方法.实炮测试结果表明经过环境因子校准的测压器的测试数据稳定性好,置信度高.

通过对系统进行细致的分析,得到一类具反馈控制和分布时滞的单种群微分系统持久性的充分条件.

为了解中哈边境阿拉山口口岸地区蚊虫种群本底构成及生态习性,采用帐诱、挥网、灯诱采集蚊虫,进行形态学分类鉴定.2012与2013两年共采集成蚊16 317只、经随机抽样鉴定3 370只,隶属2科5属11种.2013年比2012年增加了2种,比历史资料记录的增加了5种,其中凶小库蚊占蚊虫总数的46.0%,为当地优势种.其生境季节变化从3月开始活动,5月达到高峰,8月为次高峰,至11月活动消失.调查结果显示应重视对优势蚊种的防控及携带病原的研究,识别外来物种的入侵、蚊媒疾病的监控提供了基础资料.