科创中国

Lesser kestrels Falco naumanni are migratory central-place foragers that breed in dynamic arable landscapes. After arriving from migration, kestrels have no knowledge of the distribution of crops, and consequently prey, around their colony. The energy demand of pairs increases as breeding season progresses, but at the same time prey abundance, and their knowledge on prey distribution, also increases. Wind can have a strong influence on flight cost and kestrels should try to reduce energy expendi- ture when possible. When prey abundance is low, kestrels have little knowledge of prey distribution, and pairs have no chicks, they could reduce foraging flight cost by leaving the colony with tailwinds. When prey is abundant, knowledge on prey distribu- tion has increased, and chick demand is high, kestrels should fly to the most favorable foraging patches. We analyzed foraging trips directions in a lesser kestrel colony along the breeding season and in relation to wind speed and direction. We recorded 664 foraging trips from 19 individuals using GPS-dataloggers. We found that outward flights direction changed from uniform to a concentrated distribution along the season, as prey abundance and individual experience increased. We also found a temporal trend in the angular difference between outward flights and wind directions, with low values early in the season and then increa- sing as expected, but again low values at the end, contrary to expectation. Results suggest changes in kestrels foraging strategy along the season in relation to wind. Kestrels depart more with tailwinds in exploratory flights early in the season, while there is a spurious coincidence in direction to preferred foraging patches and dominant wind direction at the end [Current Zoology 60 (5): 604-615, 2014].

The evolution of many morphological structures is associated with the behavioral context of their use, particularly for structures involved in copulation. Yet, few studies have considered evolutionary relationships among the integrated suite of structures associated with male reproduction. In this study, we examined nine species of lizards in the genus Anolis to determine whether larger copulatory morphologies and higher potential for copulatory muscle performance evolved in association with higher copulation rates. In 10--12 adult males of each species, we measured the size of the hemipenes and related muscles, the seminiferous tubules in the testes, and the renal sex segments in the kidneys, and we assessed the fiber type composition of the muscles associated with copulation. In a series of pbylogenetically-informed analyses, we used field behavioral data to determine whether observed rates of copulation were associated with these morphologies.We found that species with larger hemipenes had larger fibers in the RPM (the retractor penis magnus, a muscle that controls hemipenis movement), and that the evolution of larg- er hemipenes and RPM fibers is associated with the evolution of higher rates of copulatory behavior. However, the sizes of the seminiferous tubules and renal sex segments, and the muscle fiber composition of the RPM, were not associated with copulation rates. Further, body size was not associated with the size of any of the reproductive structures investigated. The results of this study suggest that peripheral morphologies involved in the transfer of ejaculate may be more evolutionarily labile than internal structures involved in ejaculate production.

据2012年4月6日《科技日报》报道,世界首次全人工繁殖长江刀鱼在江苏中洋集团长江珍稀鱼类繁养殖基地科研中心获得成功.中洋集团从2004年开始进行长江刀鱼人工驯养工作,2008年第一批半人工繁殖的长江刀鱼鱼苗出生.目前,存池刀鱼已达40多万尾.

目的 调查分析浙西山区老年高血压患者血压的季节变化特征.方法 431例未经治疗的老年高血压患者为观察组,584例健康老年人为对照组,采用校正的汞柱式血压计测量四季血压,比较分析.结果 老年高血压观察组夏季收缩压与冬季收缩压值分别为(141.8±18.3) mmHg、(146.6±19.6) mmHg(t=5.48,P<0.01);夏季舒张压与冬季舒张压值分别为(79.0±10.1)mmHg、(80.7±10.0)mmHg(t=3.60,P<0.01);夏季脉压与冬季脉压分别为(61.5±17.1) mmHg、(64.5±18.5)mmHg(t =3.99,P<0.01).观察组的冬季血压高于夏季.结论 浙西山区老年高血压患者的血压的季节波动幅度明显,冬季高于夏季.了解高血压季节波动规律,有助于对高血压患者的临床治疗与并发症的预防.

将60只二月龄的清洁级ICR小鼠随机分成4组,每组雌性10只和雄性5只,雌雄分开饲养,饮水中加入不同剂量的钼(以Na2MoO4.2H2O形式),分别是空白对照组、低钼组(100mg/L)、中钼组(200mg/L)、高钼组(400mg/L).4周后雌雄合笼,产仔后从仔鼠中随机挑选雌性30只和雄性15只按原分组给予不同剂量的钼,8周后,再从每组中随机选取雌性10只和雄性5只合笼饲养,产仔至第4代,记录分娩率和每胎产仔数.第3代和第4代小鼠每组选取5只,眼球采血,分离血清,测定血清黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)、单胺氧化酶(MAO)、丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)、铜蓝蛋白(CP)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD).试验结果表明高剂量钼能够颉抗体内的铜,使部分含铜酶活性下降,降低了小鼠繁殖性能,具体如下:(1)F1和F2代高剂量组分娩率显著低于其他组(P

为明确西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)和二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch取食的菜豆对后取食昆虫的影响,研究了二斑叶螨和西花蓟马分别取食健康和虫(螨)害菜豆时生长发育和繁殖情况,并组建生命表,比较生命参数的异同.二斑叶螨取食健康菜豆和西花蓟马2龄若虫为害菜豆时未成熟期没有明显区别,但各螨态的存活率在健康菜豆上较高;取食健康菜豆时,雌成螨寿命为24.56 d,内禀增长率为0.2640,均高于取食西花蓟马为害菜豆.西花蓟马的未成熟期取食两种菜豆时也没有明显的区别,但二斑叶螨为害菜豆使西花蓟马的存活率下降;西花蓟马雌成虫平均寿命和单雌日产卵量在健康菜豆上分别为33.35 d和4.02粒,显著高于螨害菜豆,在健康菜豆上净增殖率也较高,为40.4264.研究表明,西花蓟马或二斑叶螨为害后的叶片对后取食害虫的生长发育影响不大,但对其存活率和繁殖均产生不利影响,西花蓟马和二斑叶螨取食诱导菜豆产生了一定的防御反应.

利用NCEP/NCAR日平均再分析资料及中国596个测站日降水资料,采用带通滤波、小波功率谱、合成分析、相关分析等方法对青藏高原夏季西风异常年500hPa纬向风季节内振荡特征及其与我国降水和大气环流的关系进行了分析,结果表明:青藏高原夏季500hPa纬向风季节内振荡以40~60d周期为主;该季节内振荡在高原西风异常年份表现出异常的传播特征;且高原西风增强年份,我国30°N~40°N范围内的低频降水与高原低频纬向风几乎为同位相,30°N以南地区的低频降水与高原低频纬向风几乎为反位相,东北地区的低频降水落后于高原低频纬向风约1/4位相;高原西风减弱年份,江淮以北的我国北方大部分地区低频降水与高原低频纬向风几乎同位相,江淮地区的低频降水落后于高原低频纬向风约1/4位相.低频降水与低频环流有较好的配置关系.

选取成蝇较易出现的公园和居民区环境类型,采用腐鱼笼诱法分别于2002与2013年对上海中心城区世博建设前后蝇类群落构成和季节消长状况进行监测并对比分析.结果显示,与2002年相比,2013年居民区环境蝇密度显著下降,捕获的蝇种类总数稍有上升;最优势蝇种由2002年的丝光绿蝇转变为2013年的大头金蝇(当年构成比分别为46.06%和20.50%),亮绿蝇、元厕蝇的密度及构成比较2002年显著上升.2002与2013年成蝇高峰分别均出现于6月份,2013年夏季气温高热造成7月份出现一个波动较大的低谷;丝光绿蝇在不同年代的季节分布差异较明显,其他蝇种分布趋势前后较吻合.据此推论上海城区蝇类侵害以丽蝇科为主,不同监测环境差异较大;城区卫生环境的改善对减少住区蝇滋生起了重要作用,但人口密度高、部分老城区环境复杂、各行业所产生垃圾较多而容易造成蝇类滋生侵害的状况依然存在,蝇类防控措施应针对金蝇和绿蝇等优势蝇种开展,防控工作任重而道远.

河鲈锚首虫Ancyrocephalus mogurndae是主要寄生于鳜鱼Siniperca spp.鳃上的一种单殖吸虫,此虫严重危害鳜鱼苗种,流行于珠江三角洲地区.2011年9月至2012年8月,对广东省肇庆市池塘养殖斑鳜Siniperca scherzeri寄生的河鲈锚首虫进行了一周年的种群动态研究,共检查斑鳜322尾.结果显示:斑鳜河鲈锚首虫的感染率在春夏两季较高,秋季较低,年均感染率为91.2%,其中有6个月达到了100%.其平均感染强度和平均丰度无明显的周年变化;感染率、平均感染强度和平均丰度与水温没有明显的相关关系,但河鲈锚首虫的感染强度与斑鳜的肥满度之间存在极显著的负相关关系.

为了解中哈边境阿拉山口口岸地区蚊虫种群本底构成及生态习性,采用帐诱、挥网、灯诱采集蚊虫,进行形态学分类鉴定.2012与2013两年共采集成蚊16 317只、经随机抽样鉴定3 370只,隶属2科5属11种.2013年比2012年增加了2种,比历史资料记录的增加了5种,其中凶小库蚊占蚊虫总数的46.0%,为当地优势种.其生境季节变化从3月开始活动,5月达到高峰,8月为次高峰,至11月活动消失.调查结果显示应重视对优势蚊种的防控及携带病原的研究,识别外来物种的入侵、蚊媒疾病的监控提供了基础资料.