科创中国

将60只二月龄的清洁级ICR小鼠随机分成4组,每组雌性10只和雄性5只,雌雄分开饲养,饮水中加入不同剂量的钼(以Na2MoO4.2H2O形式),分别是空白对照组、低钼组(100mg/L)、中钼组(200mg/L)、高钼组(400mg/L).4周后雌雄合笼,产仔后从仔鼠中随机挑选雌性30只和雄性15只按原分组给予不同剂量的钼,8周后,再从每组中随机选取雌性10只和雄性5只合笼饲养,产仔至第4代,记录分娩率和每胎产仔数.第3代和第4代小鼠每组选取5只,眼球采血,分离血清,测定血清黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)、单胺氧化酶(MAO)、丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)、铜蓝蛋白(CP)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD).试验结果表明高剂量钼能够颉抗体内的铜,使部分含铜酶活性下降,降低了小鼠繁殖性能,具体如下:(1)F1和F2代高剂量组分娩率显著低于其他组(P

The evolution of many morphological structures is associated with the behavioral context of their use, particularly for structures involved in copulation. Yet, few studies have considered evolutionary relationships among the integrated suite of structures associated with male reproduction. In this study, we examined nine species of lizards in the genus Anolis to determine whether larger copulatory morphologies and higher potential for copulatory muscle performance evolved in association with higher copulation rates. In 10--12 adult males of each species, we measured the size of the hemipenes and related muscles, the seminiferous tubules in the testes, and the renal sex segments in the kidneys, and we assessed the fiber type composition of the muscles associated with copulation. In a series of pbylogenetically-informed analyses, we used field behavioral data to determine whether observed rates of copulation were associated with these morphologies.We found that species with larger hemipenes had larger fibers in the RPM (the retractor penis magnus, a muscle that controls hemipenis movement), and that the evolution of larg- er hemipenes and RPM fibers is associated with the evolution of higher rates of copulatory behavior. However, the sizes of the seminiferous tubules and renal sex segments, and the muscle fiber composition of the RPM, were not associated with copulation rates. Further, body size was not associated with the size of any of the reproductive structures investigated. The results of this study suggest that peripheral morphologies involved in the transfer of ejaculate may be more evolutionarily labile than internal structures involved in ejaculate production.

据2012年4月6日《科技日报》报道,世界首次全人工繁殖长江刀鱼在江苏中洋集团长江珍稀鱼类繁养殖基地科研中心获得成功.中洋集团从2004年开始进行长江刀鱼人工驯养工作,2008年第一批半人工繁殖的长江刀鱼鱼苗出生.目前,存池刀鱼已达40多万尾.

沥青材料在沥青混合料的拌和、摊铺、碾压过程中都存在热老化问题,本文采用烘箱加热法对2种集料、2种沥青的混合料的热老化的高温、低温和疲劳性能进行了研究,试验表明,热老化可以提高沥青混合料的高温性能,但在热老化到一定程度后,很难压密,变形很小;随热老化温度的升高或老化时间增加,沥青混合料抗弯拉强度和弯拉应变均减小,但是采用改性沥青,或者优质的集料均可改善其老化后的低温性能;未老化的沥青混合料的疲劳寿命对应力变化很敏感,而老化24h后的沥青混合料的疲劳寿命对应力变化的敏感性变差.

针对某高速公路沥青路面不同层位的回收沥青及其短期老化(旋转薄膜烘箱RTFOT)和长期老化(旋转薄膜烘箱RTFOT+压力老化PAV)后的沥青,应用Superpave技术中的PG分级方法开展动态剪切流变(DSR)和低温弯曲梁流变(BBR)试验,分别评价它们的高温稳定性、低温抗裂性、抗疲劳性能及耐老化性能.同时,利用沥青混合料简单性能试验仪(SPT)进行不同层位沥青混合料的重复加载永久变形试验,评价它们的高温稳定性能.研究结果表明,不同层位面层的旧沥青由于沥青品种、老化程度不同,所测试出的高温稳定性、低温抗裂性、抗疲劳性能及耐老化性能都有所差异.高温稳定性增强了,但低温抗裂性、抗疲劳性能及耐老化性能均有所降低,需进一步提高.还确定了不同层位沥青的最高和最低的路面设计温度等级.

在对新型城轨用牵引电机的数学模型进行分析的基础上研究了电机运行过程,分析了该电机的牵引性能、制动性能,推导了城轨用牵引电机的运行控制方法,得到了影响牵引电机运行特性的典型参数.根据其运行控制方法,通过试验完成了该新型牵引电机的牵引、制动性能测试,得到了190 kW城轨用交流变频牵引电机的牵引、制动性能测试参数及性能测试曲线,与文献的理论曲线吻合.测试结果也验证了城轨用牵引电机牵引制动性能的正确性和有效性.

为明确西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)和二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch取食的菜豆对后取食昆虫的影响,研究了二斑叶螨和西花蓟马分别取食健康和虫(螨)害菜豆时生长发育和繁殖情况,并组建生命表,比较生命参数的异同.二斑叶螨取食健康菜豆和西花蓟马2龄若虫为害菜豆时未成熟期没有明显区别,但各螨态的存活率在健康菜豆上较高;取食健康菜豆时,雌成螨寿命为24.56 d,内禀增长率为0.2640,均高于取食西花蓟马为害菜豆.西花蓟马的未成熟期取食两种菜豆时也没有明显的区别,但二斑叶螨为害菜豆使西花蓟马的存活率下降;西花蓟马雌成虫平均寿命和单雌日产卵量在健康菜豆上分别为33.35 d和4.02粒,显著高于螨害菜豆,在健康菜豆上净增殖率也较高,为40.4264.研究表明,西花蓟马或二斑叶螨为害后的叶片对后取食害虫的生长发育影响不大,但对其存活率和繁殖均产生不利影响,西花蓟马和二斑叶螨取食诱导菜豆产生了一定的防御反应.

为探索苹果不同品种对桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii生长发育和繁殖的影响,在温度25±1℃、相对湿度(70±5)%、光周期L∶D=16 h∶8 h的室内条件下,测定了桃小食心虫在红富士、国光、新红星、金冠4个品种上的发育历期、存活率和产卵量,并组建了其生命周期表.结果显示,4个品种之间,除雌成虫外,桃小食心虫的卵、幼虫、蛹和雄成虫的发育历期差异均不显著;单雌总产卵量以金冠种群最高,为285.07粒,新红星种群最低,为145.25粒;总成活率以金冠种群最高,为17.23%,而红富士种群仅为6.55%;内禀增长率最高的是金冠种群,之后依次为国光、新红星、红富士种群.表明4个试验品种中金冠是桃小食心虫最适宜的寄主品种.

We?examine?the?conservation?status?of?Africa's?"Big?Five":?lion,?leopard,?buffalo,?black?and?white?rhinoceros?and?elephant,?and?the?role?of?behavioral?knowledge?in?their?conservation.?Efforts?to?conserve?these?flagship?species?consist?of?in?situ?conservation,?captive?breeding?and?reintroductions.?With?a?few?exceptions,?we?find?limited?evidence?that?knowledge?of?behavior?informs?conservation?programs?targeted?at?these?species.?For?management?in?the?wild,?knowledge?of?infanticide?and?ranging?can?provide?guidelines?for?realistic?hunting?quotas?and?corridors?between?protected?areas,?respectively.?For?ex?situ?and?reintroduction?programs,?behavioral?knowledge?is?chiefly?focused?on?improved?animal?husbandry.?Despite?a?formidable?understanding?of?these?species'?behavior,?the?practicalities?of?using?such?knowledge?may?be?diminished?because?exploitation?of?these?species?is?so?forceful?and?the?bulk?of?efforts?aimed?at?conserving?these?species?(and?indeed?most?other?African?species)?are?primarily?in?situ?where?behaviorally?driven?interventions?are?limited.?Our?comparative?findings?suggest?that?behavior?has?been?of?rather?narrow?use?in?the?conservation?of?these?flagship?species?[Current?Zoology?60?(4):?486--499,?2014].

Lesser kestrels Falco naumanni are migratory central-place foragers that breed in dynamic arable landscapes. After arriving from migration, kestrels have no knowledge of the distribution of crops, and consequently prey, around their colony. The energy demand of pairs increases as breeding season progresses, but at the same time prey abundance, and their knowledge on prey distribution, also increases. Wind can have a strong influence on flight cost and kestrels should try to reduce energy expendi- ture when possible. When prey abundance is low, kestrels have little knowledge of prey distribution, and pairs have no chicks, they could reduce foraging flight cost by leaving the colony with tailwinds. When prey is abundant, knowledge on prey distribu- tion has increased, and chick demand is high, kestrels should fly to the most favorable foraging patches. We analyzed foraging trips directions in a lesser kestrel colony along the breeding season and in relation to wind speed and direction. We recorded 664 foraging trips from 19 individuals using GPS-dataloggers. We found that outward flights direction changed from uniform to a concentrated distribution along the season, as prey abundance and individual experience increased. We also found a temporal trend in the angular difference between outward flights and wind directions, with low values early in the season and then increa- sing as expected, but again low values at the end, contrary to expectation. Results suggest changes in kestrels foraging strategy along the season in relation to wind. Kestrels depart more with tailwinds in exploratory flights early in the season, while there is a spurious coincidence in direction to preferred foraging patches and dominant wind direction at the end [Current Zoology 60 (5): 604-615, 2014].