科创中国

视觉行为动词是对人类视觉行为的状态、过程和结果等进行描述的动词.视觉行为动词的语法化具有渐变性,在词义的"虚化"程度上存在着差别.语法化现象比较典型的是"看""见""望""相"四个.通过比较分析发现,由于语义特征方面的不同,它们在语法化的动因和过程中均存在一定差异.

研发投资是增强企业创新能力和竞争力的重要途径,我国企业研发投资面临着投入强度低和分布不均衡的问题.与现有研究不同,本文通过研发投资的行业特征分析,从企业和行业两个层面构建了企业研发投资的决定模型,以2005-2007年中国工业企业微观数据为样本,实证检验了各因素对企业R&D强度的影响,进而利用夏普里值分解法就企业研发投资差异的来源进行了探讨,得到如下结论:微观层面,生产规模、企业年龄、资产负债率与R&D强度显著负相关,企业性质对研发决策也具有显著影响;行业层面,平均研发强度、市场集中度和外部筹资环境对研发投资存在显著的正效应,新产品销售收入占比和研发集中度则具有明显的抑制作用;根据夏普利值的分解结果,行业因素对企业研发投资差异的平均贡献高达86.5%,企业因素的贡献度仅为13.5%,表明企业研发投资的差异主要源于行业特征的不同,而不是企业行为异质性的结果.

Aggression is a common behavioral trait shared in many animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. However, the type and intensity of agonistic encounters and displays can vary widely both across and within species, resulting in complicated or subjective interpretations that create difficulties in developing theoretical models that can be widely applied. The need to easily and objectively identify quantifiable behaviors and their associated morphologies becomes especially important when attempting to decipher the neurological mechanisms underlying this complex behavior. Monoamines, neuropeptides, and pheromones have been implicated as important neuromodulators for agonistic displays in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Ad- ditionally, recent breakthroughs in insect research have revealed exciting proximate mechanisms important in aggression that may be broadly relevant, due to the relatively high conservation of these neurochemical systems across animal taxa. In this review, we present the latest research demonstrating the importance of monoamines, neuropeptides, and pheromones as neuromodulators for aggression across a variety of insect species. Additionally, we describe the stalk-eyed fly as a model system for studying aggres- sion, which integrates physiological, morphological, and neurochemical approaches in exploring detailed mechanisms responsible for this common yet complex behavior. We conclude with our perspective on the most promising lines of future research aimed at understanding the proximate and ultimate mechanisms underlying aggressive behaviors .

目的 研究快速眼球运动睡眠行为障碍(RBD)与帕金森病(PD)的相关关系,并探讨伴有RBD的PD患者的临床特征.方法 选择我院106例PD患者,根据非运动症状问卷(NMS quest)第25项问答结果,将入选的84例患者分为RBD组(54例)和非RBD组(30例),采用统一PD评分量表(UPDRS)、Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分级比较两组患者的运动症状,选用NMS quest量表比较两组非运动症状发生情况,选用简易精神状态检查法(MMSE)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、帕金森病睡眠量表(PDSS)和Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)对两组患者的认知功能、焦虑和抑郁、睡眠障碍进行比较.结果 RBD组患者的病程[(3.7±1.3)年]显著短于非RBD组[(5.1±2.2)年](P < 0.05),RBD组与非RBD组运动症状比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);RBD组的非运动症状(胃肠道功能、自主神经系统功能、精神和睡眠活动等)的发生率显著高于非RBD组(P < 0.05).结论 伴发RBD的PD患者的病程较短,非运动系统受累的临床症状更加广泛.

Signal traits are often linked with the physiological state and behavior of their bearer. Direct examination of the causal links among these variables has provided substantial insight into the information content of signals, and into the costs and benefits of signal expression. Yet recent empirical work suggests that the social context in which signals are developed and displayed can play a major role not only in how signals are received, but also in coordinating and mediating the signaling phenotype itself. Here we review both well-established and emerging evidence for direct feedbacks among an individual's physiological state, be- havior, and signal elaboration. We then describe an integrative view of signaling that takes into account the bidirectional rela- tionships among components of phenotype and the social context in which signals are developed and displayed. Integrating dy- namic feedback between context and phenotype within models of the evolution and maintenance of signals may yield insights into how signals evolve, how signaling phenotypes are coordinated and maintained on ecological and evolutionary time scales, and how static signals continue to convey relevant phenotypic information about their bearer through time.

Physiological and functional traits, especially those related to behavior and whole-organism performance capacities, are subject to a variety of both parallel and opposing natural and sexual selection pressures. These selection pressures show considerable interspeciflc variation, shaping contemporary behavioral and functional diversity, but the form and intensity of selection on physiological and functional traits can also vary intraspecifically. The same suites of traits can experience quite different se- lection pressures, depending on the sex or age of a given individual, as well as the presence and nature of alternative reproductive strategies and tactics. These inter- and intra-locus genetic conflicts have potentially important consequences for the evolutionary trajectories of traits subject to them. Consequently, any intraspecific conflicts which could displace traits from their selective op- tima in certain classes of individuals relative to others are expected to result in selection for mechanisms to compensate for devia- tion from those optima. Such conflicts include interlocus sexual conflict, intralocus sexual conflict, and interacting phenotypes, as well as conflict within a sex. In this paper, we consider the evidence for, and implications of, such conflicts for physiological and functional traits in diverse taxa, including both vertebrates and invertebrates, and evaluate the various mechanisms, ranging from behavioral and mechanical to energetic and genetic, enabling compensation. We also discuss how pre- and post-mating conflicts, as well as interacting phenotypes, might affect the evolution of behavior and physiological and functional traits. Investigators that seek to understand the links among behavior, morphology, physiology, and function should consider such conflicts.

1?Conservation?Behavior?as?an??Emerging?Discipline?on?the?Brink?of??Success,?or?Unrealistic?Ideal?
?It?seems?intuitively?sensible?that?an?understanding?of?the?behavioral?characteristics?of?animals,?such?as?their?home?ranges,?diets,?mating?systems,?and?dispersal?me-?chanisms,?may?be?useful?to?inform?conservation?efforts?in?determining,?for?example,?suitable?reintroduction?areas,?or?the?design?of?dispersal?corridors.

为了应对智能手机所面临的信息安全威胁,提出一种基于行为生物特征的手势用户认证方案。实时采集手机内置三轴加速度传感器的数据,经有效手势端点检测得到认证数据,在信号去噪环节提出了一种结合小波包分解与互信息熵的新方法,最终由改进的动态时间规整算法进行手势信号序列相似性度量,从而得出认证结论。实验结果表明,当他人模仿手势错误接受率趋近0%时,本人认证手势错误拒绝率维持在7%左右,认证精度良好,同时算法时间复杂度低,可以实时有效对智能手机的持有者进行身份识别。

对1000名女性市民进行问卷调查,运用方差分析和回归分析的方法,探索女性休闲体育限制因素及其与行为的关系.结果表明,不同参与水平的女性都会不同程度地遭遇限制因素,说明遭遇限制因素并不会导致休闲体育行为的不发生.相对来说,不参与人群在4个限制因素方面都比较高,随着参与水平的提高,感知限制逐渐减少.年龄、婚姻状况、收入、受教育程度等人口学因素与限制因素有关.4类限制因素和行为之间存在着显著的负相关关系,但只有自身限制因素对行为的预测作用有显著的统计学意义.