科创中国

话语分析是复杂演化环境下,认知企业行为的新兴技术路径.本文应用话语分析方法,聚焦集群情景下的小微企业,研究了进化创业行为的驱动机理问题.得到的主要命题有:(1)小微企业的进化创业行为可由微创新、战略更新和风险投资3个维度描述.(2)集群情景从结构、关系和认知3个侧面影响小微企业的进化创业行为.(3)集群情景对进化创业行为的驱动机理涉及学习、挤压、过滤和治理4个驱动因子.(4)驱动机理可以刻画为网络节点→刻意学习等24条关系路径,其中,包括7条弱关系路径.研究丰富了现有创业理论,对小微企业的创业实践具有指导价值.

1 Introduction
Phenotype variation within populations both provides the raw material for and is the product of evolutionary change. An individual's phenotype, defined as the amalgamation of morphology, physiology, and behavior, is highly complex. It has been common to try to isolate each of these aspects of phenotype rather than directly examine their integration. For example, despite the demonstrated importance of single aspects of phenotype for acquiring mates it is well known that signal traits are not evaluated in isolation, but rather in conjunction with associated behaviors, and sometimes with other signal traits (Moiler and Pomiankowski, 1993; Candolin, 2003;

我国大学创业孵化效果不佳的主要原因是大学创业教育的各个环节各自为政,无法形成统一的工作主线,也就无法有效发挥大学在创业孵化过程中的平台优势.要解开这一难题,需要对大学创业孵化过程进行研究和解析,把握过程中大学生的关键能力特征和教育需求,并以此为依据开展相应的创业教育活动.而在大学创业孵化的3个阶段过程中,创业者主要体现出14项关键能力特征,由此会产生8项主要的创业教育需求.为此,大学创业教育要开展10项相应的工作,以推动和帮助创业者完成企业孵化的任务.

Physiological and functional traits, especially those related to behavior and whole-organism performance capacities, are subject to a variety of both parallel and opposing natural and sexual selection pressures. These selection pressures show considerable interspeciflc variation, shaping contemporary behavioral and functional diversity, but the form and intensity of selection on physiological and functional traits can also vary intraspecifically. The same suites of traits can experience quite different se- lection pressures, depending on the sex or age of a given individual, as well as the presence and nature of alternative reproductive strategies and tactics. These inter- and intra-locus genetic conflicts have potentially important consequences for the evolutionary trajectories of traits subject to them. Consequently, any intraspecific conflicts which could displace traits from their selective op- tima in certain classes of individuals relative to others are expected to result in selection for mechanisms to compensate for devia- tion from those optima. Such conflicts include interlocus sexual conflict, intralocus sexual conflict, and interacting phenotypes, as well as conflict within a sex. In this paper, we consider the evidence for, and implications of, such conflicts for physiological and functional traits in diverse taxa, including both vertebrates and invertebrates, and evaluate the various mechanisms, ranging from behavioral and mechanical to energetic and genetic, enabling compensation. We also discuss how pre- and post-mating conflicts, as well as interacting phenotypes, might affect the evolution of behavior and physiological and functional traits. Investigators that seek to understand the links among behavior, morphology, physiology, and function should consider such conflicts.

创业者创业能力是决定创业能否成功的核心要素,创业学习则是发展创业能力的关键,社会网络为创业能力的提升提供了大量的知识资源,但是少有研究从创业者的角度,对社会网络、创业学习、创业能力之间的作用机制进行探索.本文构建了社会网络、创业学习与创业能力关系的理论模型,以409位小微企业创业者为样本,采用结构方程分析方法对理论假设进行实证检验.研究结果表明:(1)创业者的社会网络中客观上存在一个具有学习功能的子集“学习网”,是进行创业学习的重要平台;“学习网”的结构和关系会影响创业能力的形成与发展.(2)基于社会网络的创业学习可以分为模仿、交流、指导三种主要的学习方式,在创业者“学习网”与创业能力的关系中发挥中介作用.创业者应加强“学习网”治理、注重学习行为塑造以提升创业能力.

基于创业认知理论,拓展了创业导向与创业绩效的经典模型.通过数据调查,实证检验了组织创业气氛、创业导向以及创业企业绩效三者之间的关系,由此得出结论:①组织创业气氛与创业绩效具有正向关系,创业导向与创业绩效具有正向关系;②创业导向在组织创业气氛与衍生企业绩效之间起中介作用.

科技园区能否继续保持其各项经济指标快速增长,很大程度上取决于其创业能力和创业活动的质量.而创业环境直接影响其创业能力的发挥和创业活动的质量,并最终作用于园区创业绩效.通过对国内外有关文献的梳理分析,揭示现有研究中存在的主要问题,可以发现构建一个科学、统一、结构合理的科技园区创业环境与创业绩效关系的理论分析框架,是当前深化和推进有关研究必须克服的一个障碍.

应用计划行为理论构建了大学生创业意愿影响因素模型.探讨了创业特质、创业认知、创业态度以及创业环境对创业意愿的影响关系.采用Amosl7.0对模型进行验证,结果表明:创业特质和创业认知影响创业态度的路径系数为0.555和0.668:创业态度和创业环境影响创业意愿的路径系数为0.626和0.443;创业特质和创业认知间接影响创业意愿的路径系数为0.347和0.418:创业态度是创业特质和创业认知影响创业意愿的中介变量.据此提出了三点对策建议.为培养大学生创业意愿和推进大学创业教育路径提供了可靠依据.

在创业者社会交往中,创业者政治技能是一项非常重要的社交技能,将对创业绩效产生深刻的影响.然而,当前的研究很少从政治技能的视角去分析创业者推动创业活动的过程机制.以中国浙江省部分地区的创业型企业创建者为调研对象,探讨创业者政治技能对于创业绩效的影响机制,并分析组织公正的调节作用和创业导向的中介作用,结果表明:(1)创业者政治技能对于创业绩效具有显著的正向影响;(2)创业导向在创业者政治技能和创业绩效之间起到完全中介作用;(3)组织公正在创业者政治技能和创业导向之间起到调节作用;(4)创业者政治技能和组织公正之间的交互作用通过创业导向间接影响创业绩效.