科创中国

Physiological and functional traits, especially those related to behavior and whole-organism performance capacities, are subject to a variety of both parallel and opposing natural and sexual selection pressures. These selection pressures show considerable interspeciflc variation, shaping contemporary behavioral and functional diversity, but the form and intensity of selection on physiological and functional traits can also vary intraspecifically. The same suites of traits can experience quite different se- lection pressures, depending on the sex or age of a given individual, as well as the presence and nature of alternative reproductive strategies and tactics. These inter- and intra-locus genetic conflicts have potentially important consequences for the evolutionary trajectories of traits subject to them. Consequently, any intraspecific conflicts which could displace traits from their selective op- tima in certain classes of individuals relative to others are expected to result in selection for mechanisms to compensate for devia- tion from those optima. Such conflicts include interlocus sexual conflict, intralocus sexual conflict, and interacting phenotypes, as well as conflict within a sex. In this paper, we consider the evidence for, and implications of, such conflicts for physiological and functional traits in diverse taxa, including both vertebrates and invertebrates, and evaluate the various mechanisms, ranging from behavioral and mechanical to energetic and genetic, enabling compensation. We also discuss how pre- and post-mating conflicts, as well as interacting phenotypes, might affect the evolution of behavior and physiological and functional traits. Investigators that seek to understand the links among behavior, morphology, physiology, and function should consider such conflicts.

Aggression is a common behavioral trait shared in many animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. However, the type and intensity of agonistic encounters and displays can vary widely both across and within species, resulting in complicated or subjective interpretations that create difficulties in developing theoretical models that can be widely applied. The need to easily and objectively identify quantifiable behaviors and their associated morphologies becomes especially important when attempting to decipher the neurological mechanisms underlying this complex behavior. Monoamines, neuropeptides, and pheromones have been implicated as important neuromodulators for agonistic displays in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Ad- ditionally, recent breakthroughs in insect research have revealed exciting proximate mechanisms important in aggression that may be broadly relevant, due to the relatively high conservation of these neurochemical systems across animal taxa. In this review, we present the latest research demonstrating the importance of monoamines, neuropeptides, and pheromones as neuromodulators for aggression across a variety of insect species. Additionally, we describe the stalk-eyed fly as a model system for studying aggres- sion, which integrates physiological, morphological, and neurochemical approaches in exploring detailed mechanisms responsible for this common yet complex behavior. We conclude with our perspective on the most promising lines of future research aimed at understanding the proximate and ultimate mechanisms underlying aggressive behaviors .

据2012年4月6日《参考消息》援引法新社巴黎4月4日电,中国古脊椎动物与古人类研究所研究员徐星等在英国《自然》杂志上报告说,在东北辽宁义县组发现了一种奇特的、长羽毛的巨型恐龙化石,化石共有3具,近乎完整,出土的化石包括部分尾部和最有研究价值的头骨,出土地的地质年代为1.25亿年前至自垩纪中期,当时恐龙横行地球.新发现的恐龙已经被命名为"华丽羽王龙".研究报告发表于新一期英国《自然》杂志.

据2012年4月5日《科技日报》援引该报北京4月4日电,中科院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所教授朱敏领导的研究团队,在4月3日出版的《公共科学图书馆·综合》上记述了两种早期鱼类的腰带,首次揭示了硬骨鱼纲的外骨骼腰带.

据2012年4月11日《科技日报》报道,4月10日出版的《自然·通讯》杂志发表了中科院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所研究员朱敏等人的文章,介绍他们发现的空棘鱼头颅化石.

又到了毕业生找工作的时候了.每到此时,职校生从一入学就有的就业忧虑,化为了实实在在的烦恼.从学历上说,大专生、本科生就业形势就不乐观,职校生的文凭更显得分量不足.于是有的职校生自怨自艾起来.这种消极悲观的情绪带到就业市场中,怎能不影响职校生就业?

通过对建于1 928年的上海光陆大楼建筑及设备设计的分析,进而探讨了近代上海建筑设备发展演进的特征和与建筑发展的相互关系,并引发了对于历史建筑设备系统研究重要性的认识.

前人研究表明,粤东海盆、南沙地块东部、加里曼丹西部存在晚三叠—早侏罗世海相地层,并且沉积相和古生物的对比认为它们在晚三叠—早侏罗世可能属同一海盆.文章对广东梅县、惠州和东莞的下侏罗统进行了古地磁研究,试图从古地磁的角度探讨粤东海盆、南沙地块东部、加里曼丹西部是否同属一个海盆.本文退磁结果表明,梅县玄武岩样品分离出低温剩磁和高温特征剩磁;惠州样品只有少数能分离出低温剩磁,难以统计方向;东莞红层样品分离出低温剩磁、中温剩磁和高温特征剩磁.梅县和东莞低温剩磁方向与当地现代地磁场方向一致,为现代地磁场的重磁化结果.所有采点中,只有2个采点分离出了高温特征剩磁,难以用褶皱检验方法检验高温特征剩磁是否原生剩磁.若用华南地块早侏罗世、中—晚侏罗世和白垩纪参考极限定东莞和梅县磁倾角大小,对比东莞中温剩磁、高温特征剩磁和梅县高温特征剩磁褶皱展平0—100%的倾角范围,讨论各剩磁在褶皱展平的形成阶段,结果为东莞中温剩磁在褶皱展平70%—80%时获得;东莞高温特征剩磁可能在褶皱展平后获得;但无法确定梅县高温特征剩磁最可能在哪个褶皱展平阶段获得.磁组构揭示了东莞红层沉积和压实特征,增加了东莞高温特征剩磁为原生剩磁的可能性.等温剩磁曲线、热退磁曲线和交变退磁曲线表明,东莞红层的携磁矿物为赤铁矿;梅县玄武岩部分样品携磁矿物为磁铁矿,部分样品携磁矿物为赤铁矿.文章的古地磁结果虽然未能回答“粤东海盆、南沙地块东部、加里曼丹西部是否同属一个海盆”的科学问题,但为今后进一步的古地磁工作提供了有用信息.