科创中国

20世纪80年代以前,降水资料观测大部分以人工观测为主,小流域暴雨设计计算需要把最大1日雨量通过转换,计算出不同时段的设计暴雨.80年代以后,随着自记雨量观测应用,到目前已经有20多年的资料系列,小流域暴雨设计的计算就可以直接利用时段实测降水资料系列进行计算,通过对邢台市石河水库小流域暴雨设计结果分析,两种方法计算结果最大误差为25.53%,暴雨设计误差直接影响设计洪水的大小.因此,在当地自记降水资料系列允许的情况下,尽量采用实测降水资料直接计算,以避免设计暴雨的误差.

Forming limit curves(FLCs) are commonly used for evaluating the formability of sheet metals. However, it is difficult to obtain the FLCs with desirable accuracy by experiments due to that the friction effects are non-negligible under warm/hot stamping conditions. To investigate the experimental errors, experiments for obtaining the FLCs of the AA5754 are conducted at 250℃. Then, FE models are created and validated on the basis of experimental results. A number of FE simulations are carried out for FLC test-pieces and punches with different geometry configurations and varying friction coefficients between the test-piece and the punch. The errors for all the test conditions are predicted and analyzed. Particular attention of error analysis is paid to two special cases, namely, the biaxial FLC test and the uniaxial FLC test. The failure location and the variation of the error with respect to the friction coefficient are studied as well. The results obtained from the FLC tests and the above analyses show that, for the biaxial tension state, the friction coefficient should be controlled within 0.15 to avoid significant shifting of the necking location away from the center of the punch; for the uniaxial tension state, the friction coefficient should be controlled within 0.1 to guarantee the validity of the data collected from FLC tests. The conclusions summarized are beneficial for obtaining accurate FLCs under warm/hot stamping conditions.

The current research of machine center accuracy in workspace mainly focuses on the poor geometric error subjected to thermal and gravity load while in operation,however,there are little researches focusing on the effect of machine center elastic deformations on workspace volume.Therefore,a method called pre-deformation for assembly performance is presented.This method is technically based on the characteristics of machine tool assembly and collaborative computer-aided engineering(CAE)analysis.The research goal is to enhance assembly performance,including straightness,positioning,and angular errors,to realize the precision of the machine tool design.A vertical machine center is taken as an example to illustrate the proposed method.The concept of travel error is defined to obtain the law of the guide surface.The machine center assembly performance is analyzed under cold condition and thermal balance condition to establish the function of pre-deformation.Then,the guide surface in normal direction is processed with the pre-deformation function,and the machine tool assembly performance is measured using a laser interferometer.The measuring results show that the straightness deviation of the Z component in the Y-direction is 158.9%of the allowable value primarily because of the gravity of the spindle head,and the straightness of the X and Y components is minimal.When the machine tool is processed in pre-deformation,the straightness of the Z axis moving component is reduced to 91.2%.This research proposes a pre-deformation machine center assembly method which has sufficient capacity to improving assembly accuracy of machine centers.

Parallel robots with SCARA(selective compliance assembly robot arm) motions are utilized widely in the field of high speed pick-and-place manipulation. Error modeling for these robots generally simplifies the parallelogram structures included by the robots as a link. As the established error model fails to reflect the error feature of the parallelogram structures, the effect of accuracy design and kinematic calibration based on the error model come to be undermined. An error modeling methodology is proposed to establish an error model of parallel robots with parallelogram structures. The error model can embody the geometric errors of all joints, including the joints of parallelogram structures. Thus it can contain more exhaustively the factors that reduce the accuracy of the robot. Based on the error model and some sensitivity indices defined in the sense of statistics, sensitivity analysis is carried out. Accordingly, some atlases are depicted to express each geometric error's influence on the moving platform's pose errors. From these atlases, the geometric errors that have greater impact on the accuracy of the moving platform are identified, and some sensitive areas where the pose errors of the moving platform are extremely sensitive to the geometric errors are also figured out. By taking into account the error factors which are generally neglected in all existing modeling methods, the proposed modeling method can thoroughly disclose the process of error transmission and enhance the efficacy of accuracy design and calibration.

The current research of the decomposition methods of complex optimization model is mostly based on the principle of disciplines, problems or components. However, numerous coupling variables will appear among the sub-models decomposed, thereby make the efficiency of decomposed optimization low and the effect poor. Though some collaborative optimization methods are proposed to process the coupling variables, there lacks the original strategy planning to reduce the coupling degree among the decomposed sub-models when we start decomposing a complex optimization model. Therefore, this paper proposes a decomposition method based on the global sensitivity information. In this method, the complex optimization model is decomposed based on the principle of minimizing the sensitivity sum between the design functions and design variables among different sub-models. The design functions and design variables, which are sensitive to each other, will be assigned to the same sub-models as much as possible to reduce the impacts to other sub-models caused by the changing of coupling variables in one sub-model. Two different collaborative optimization models of a gear reducer are built up separately in the multidisciplinary design optimization software iSIGHT, the optimized results turned out that the decomposition method proposed in this paper has less analysis times and increases the computational efficiency by 29.6%. This new decomposition method is also successfully applied in the complex optimization problem of hydraulic excavator working devices, which shows the proposed research can reduce the mutual coupling degree between sub-models. This research proposes a decomposition method based on the global sensitivity information, which makes the linkages least among sub-models after decomposition, and provides reference for decomposing complex optimization models and has practical engineering significance.

科研中经常遇到涉及两个因素的实验,若两因素有交互作用,则需采用析因设计、正交设计等设计类型,但这些设计通常需要进行较多次实验.若在理论和专业上可以证明,实验中涉及到的两个因素不存在交互作用,或交互作用对观测结果的影响无统计学意义,并且特定实验条件(通常为各因素不同水平的一种组合)下实验数据的测定误差在专业上允许的范围之内,则可采用无重复实验的随机区组设计、无重复实验的平衡不完全随机区组设计、具有一个重复测量的单因素设计、无重复实验双因素设计和两因素嵌套设计.本文结合实例,重点介绍后两种实验设计类型.

Computer-based conceptual design for routine design has made great strides, yet non-routine design has not been given due attention, and it is still poorly automated. Considering that the function-behavior-structure(FBS) model is widely used for modeling the conceptual design process, a computer-based creativity enhanced conceptual design model(CECD) for non-routine design of mechanical systems is presented. In the model, the leaf functions in the FBS model are decomposed into and represented with fine-grain basic operation actions(BOA), and the corresponding BOA set in the function domain is then constructed. Choosing building blocks from the database, and expressing their multiple functions with BOAs, the BOA set in the structure domain is formed. Through rule-based dynamic partition of the BOA set in the function domain, many variants of regenerated functional schemes are generated. For enhancing the capability to introduce new design variables into the conceptual design process, and dig out more innovative physical structure schemes, the indirect function-structure matching strategy based on reconstructing the combined structure schemes is adopted. By adjusting the tightness of the partition rules and the granularity of the divided BOA subsets, and making full use of the main function and secondary functions of each basic structure in the process of reconstructing of the physical structures, new design variables and variants are introduced into the physical structure scheme reconstructing process, and a great number of simpler physical structure schemes to accomplish the overall function organically are figured out. The creativity enhanced conceptual design model presented has a dominant capability in introducing new deign variables in function domain and digging out simpler physical structures to accomplish the overall function, therefore it can be utilized to solve non-routine conceptual design problem.

For planning optimum multiple stresses accelerated life test plans, a commonly followed guiding principle is that all parameters of the life-stress relationship should be estimated, and the number of the stress level combinations must be no less than the number of parameters of the life-stress relationship. However, the general objective of an accelerated life test(ALT) is to assess the p-th quantile of the product life distribution under normal stress. For this objective, estimating all model parameters is not necessary, and this will increase the cost of test. Based on the theoretical conclusion that the stress level combinations of the optimum multiple stresses ALT plan locate on a straight line through the origin of coordinate, it is proposed that a design idea of planning the optimum multiple stresses ALT plan through transforming the problem of designing an optimum multiple stresses ALT plan to designing an optimum single stress ALT plan. Moreover, a method of planning the optimum multiple stresses ALT plan which can avoid estimating all model parameters is established. An example shows that, the proposed plan which only has two stress level combinations could achieve an accuracy no less than the traditional plan, and save the test time and cost on one stress level combination at least; when the actual product life is less than the design value, even the deviation of the model initial parameters value is up to 20%, the variance of the estimation of the p-th quantile of the proposed plan is still smaller than the traditional plans approximately 25%. A design method is provided for planning the optimum multiple stresses ALT which uses the statistical optimum degenerate test plan as the optimum multiple stresses accelerated life test plan.

Compared with the traditional non-cutting measurement,machining tests can more accurately reflect the kinematic errors of five-axis machine tools in the actual machining process for the users.However,measurement and calculation of the machining tests in the literature are quite difficult and time-consuming.A new method of the machining tests for the trunnion axis of five-axis machine tool is proposed.Firstly,a simple mathematical model of the cradle-type five-axis machine tool was established by optimizing the coordinate system settings based on robot kinematics.Then,the machining tests based on error-sensitive directions were proposed to identify the kinematic errors of the trunnion axis of cradle-type five-axis machine tool.By adopting the error-sensitive vectors in the matrix calculation,the functional relationship equations between the machining errors of the test piece in the error-sensitive directions and the kinematic errors of C-axis and A-axis of five-axis machine tool rotary table was established based on the model of the kinematic errors.According to our previous work,the kinematic errors of C-axis can be treated as the known quantities,and the kinematic errors of A-axis can be obtained from the equations.This method was tested in Mikron UCP600 vertical machining center.The machining errors in the error-sensitive directions can be obtained by CMM inspection from the finished test piece to identify the kinematic errors of five-axis machine tool trunnion axis.Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method can reduce the complexity,cost,and the time consumed substantially,and has a wider applicability.This paper proposes a new method of the machining tests for the trunnion axis of five-axis machine tool.

Existing biped robots mainly fall into two categories: robots with left and right feet and robots with upper and lower feet. The load carrying capability of a biped robot is quite limited since the two feet of a walking robot supports the robot alternatively during walking. To improve the load carrying capability, a novel biped walking robot is proposed based on a 2-UPU+2-UU parallel mechanism. The biped walking robot is composed of two identical platforms(feet) and four limbs, including two UPU(universal-prismatic-universal serial chain) limbs and two UU limbs. To enhance its terrain adaptability like articulated vehicles, the two feet of the biped walking robot are designed as two vehicles in detail. The conditions that the geometric parameters of the feet must satisfy are discussed. The degrees-of-freedom of the mechanism is analyzed by using screw theory. Gait analysis, kinematic analysis and stability analysis of the mechanism are carried out to verify the structural design parameters. The simulation results validate the feasibility of walking on rugged terrain. Experiments with a physical prototype show that the novel biped walking robot can walk stably on smooth terrain. Due to its unique feet design and high stiffness, the biped walking robot may adapt to rugged terrain and is suitable for load-carrying.