科创中国

为了计算二极管抽运Nd∶ YAG晶体温度场及热形变场,建立了端面绝热、周边恒温的晶体热模型.基于Nd∶ YAG晶体导热系数及热形变系数与其温度的函数关系,应用Newton切线法对热传导方程进行求解,得到了变导热系数和变热形变系数矩形截面Nd∶YAG晶体端面抽运下的温度场和热形变场的一般表达式,同时计算了Nd∶ YAG晶体在不同抽运功率和抽运光斑半径下内部温度场和热形变场的分布变化.结果表明,使用钕离子质量分数为0.01、尺寸为3mm*3mm*8mm的Nd∶ YAG晶体,在功率为60W、光斑半径为450μm的抽运光照射下,变导热系数的Nd∶ YAG晶体端面最大温升为55.7℃,最大热形变量为2.85μm,而按传统将Nd∶ YAG晶体导热系数、热形变系数均视为定值时,晶体端面最大温升为43.4℃,端面最大热形变为2.84μm.

The existing investigations on thermal comfort mostly focus on the thermal environment conditions, especially of the air-flow field and the temperature distributions in vehicle cabin. Less attention appears to direct to the thermal comfort or thermal sensation of occupants, even to the relationship between thermal conditions and thermal sensation. In this paper, a series of experiments were designed and conducted for understanding the non-uniform conditions and the occupant's thermal responses in vehicle cabin during the heating period. To accurately assess the transient temperature distribution in cabin in common daily condition, the air temperature at a number of positions is measured in a full size vehicle cabin under natural winter environment in South China by using a discrete thermocouples network. The occupant body is divided into nine segments, the skin temperature at each segment and the occupant's local thermal sensation at the head, body, upper limb and lower limb are monitored continuously. The skin temperature is observed by using a discrete thermocouples network, and the local thermal sensation is evaluated by using a seven-point thermal comfort survey questionnaire proposed by American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc(ASHRAE) Standard. The relationship between the skin temperature and the thermal sensation is discussed and regressed by statistics method. The results show that the interior air temperature is highly non-uniform over the vehicle cabin. The locations where the occupants sit have a significant effect on the occupant's thermal responses, including the skin temperature and the thermal sensation. The skin temperature and thermal sensation are quite different between body segments due to the effect of non-uniform conditions, clothing resistance, and the human thermal regulating system. A quantitative relationship between the thermal sensation and the skin temperature at each body segment of occupant in real life traffic is presented. The investigation result indicates that the skin temperature is a robust index to evaluate the thermal sensation. Applying the skin temperature to designing and controlling parameters of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning(HVAC) system may benefit the thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption.

Linear motors generate high heat and cause significant deformation in high speed direct feed drive mechanisms.It is relevant to estimate their deformation behavior to improve their application in precision machine tools.This paper describes a method to estimate its thermal deformation based on updated finite element(FE)model methods.Firstly,a FE model is established for a linear motor drive test rig that includes the correlation between temperature rise and its resulting deformation.The relationship between the input and output variables of the FE model is identified with a modified multivariate input/output least square support vector regression machine.Additionally,the temperature rise and displacements at some critical points on the mechanism are obtained experimentally by a system of thermocouples and an interferometer.The FE model is updated through intelligent comparison between the experimentally measured values and the results from the regression machine.The experiments for testing thermal behavior along with the updated FE model simulations is conducted on the test rig in reciprocating cycle drive conditions.The results show that the intelligently updated FE model can be implemented to analyze the temperature variation distribution of the mechanism and to estimate its thermal behavior.The accuracy of the thermal behavior estimation with the optimally updated method can be more than double that of the initial theoretical FE model.This paper provides a simulation method that is effective to estimate the thermal behavior of the direct feed drive mechanism with high accuracy.

Hydrostatic mechanical face seals for reactor coolant pumps are very important for the safety and reliability of pressurized-water reactor power plants.More accurate models on the operating mechanism of the seals are needed to help improve their performance.The thermal fluid–solid interaction(TFSI)mechanism of the hydrostatic seal is investigated in this study.Numerical models of the flow field and seal assembly are developed.Based on the mechanism for the continuity condition of the physical quantities at the fluid–solid interface,an on-line numerical TFSI model for the hydrostatic mechanical seal is proposed using an iterative coupling method.Dynamic mesh technology is adopted to adapt to the changing boundary shape.Experiments were performed on a test rig using a full-size test seal to obtain the leakage rate as a function of the differential pressure.The effectiveness and accuracy of the TFSI model were verified by comparing the simulation results and experimental data.Using the TFSI model,the behavior of the seal is presented,including mechanical and thermal deformation,and the temperature field.The influences of the rotating speed and differential pressure of the sealing device on the temperature field,which occur widely in the actual use of the seal,are studied.This research proposes an on-line and assembly-based TFSI model for hydrostatic mechanical face seals,and the model is validated by full-sized experiments.

The thermal scratch seriously affects the surface quality of the cold rolled stainless steel strip. Some researchers have carried out qualitative and theoretical studies in this field. However, there is currently a lack of research on effective forecast and control of thermal scratch defects in practical production, especially in tandem cold rolling. In order to establish precise mathematical model of oil film thickness in deformation zone, the lubrication in cold rolling process of SUS410L stainless steel strip is studied, and major factors affecting oil film thickness are also analyzed. According to the principle of statistics, mathematical model of critical oil film thickness in deformation zone for thermal scratch is built, with fitting and regression analytical method, and then based on temperature comparison method, the criterion for deciding thermal scratch defects is put forward. Storing and calling data through SQL Server 2010, a software on thermal scratch defects control is developed through Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 by MFC technique for stainless steel in tandem cold rolling, and then it is put into practical production. Statistics indicate that the hit rate of thermal scratch is as high as 92.38%, and the occurrence rate of thermal scratch is decreased by 89.13%. Owing to the application of the software, the rolling speed is increased by approximately 9.3%. The software developed provides an effective solution to the problem of thermal scratch defects in tandem cold rolling, and helps to promote products surface quality of stainless steel strips in practical production.

Further development of the photovoltaic industry is restricted by the productivity of mono-crystalline silicon technology due to its requirements of low cost and high efficient photocells.The heat shield is not only the important part of the thermal field in Czochralski(Cz)mono-crystalline silicon furnace,but also one of the most important factors influencing the silicon crystal growth.Large-diameter Cz-Si crystal growth process is taken as the study object.Based on FEM numerical simulation,different heat shield structures are analyzed to investigate the heater power,the melt-crystal interface shape,the argon flow field,and the oxygen concentration at the melt-crystal interface in the process of large Cz-Si crystal growth.The impact of these factors on the growth efficiency and crystal quality are analyzed.The results show that the oxygen concentration on the melt-crystal interface and the power consumption of the heater stay high due to the lack of a heat shield in the crystal growth system.Argon circumfluence is generated on the external side of the right angle heat shield.By the right-angle heat shield,the speed of gas flow is lowered on the melt free surface,and the temperature gradient of the free surface is increased around the melt-crystal interface.It is not conducive for the stable growth of crystal.The shape of the melt-crystal interface and the argon circulation above the melt free surface are improved by the inclined heat shield.Compared with the others,the system pulling rate is increased and the lowest oxygen concentration is achieved at the melt-crystal interface with the composite heat shield.By the adoption of the optimized composite heat shield in experiment,the real melt-crystal interface shapes and its deformation laws obtained by Quick Pull Separation Method at different pulling rates agree with the simulation results.The results show that the method of simulation is feasible.The proposed research provides the theoretical foundation for the thermal field design of the large diameter Cz-Si monocrystalline growth.

石家庄市冶河灌区续建配套与节水改造工程项目自1998年立项以来,累计完成投资2.0亿元,改善了工程状况,提高用水效率,保障了区域粮食安全,促进了农业发展,拉动了地方经济.取得了良好的经济、社会和生态环境效益.随着国家对灌区投入的增加,冶河灌区将为夯实农业发展的水利基础方面做出更大贡献.

Lightweight design requires an accurate life prediction for structures and components under service loading histories. However, predicted life with the existing methods seems too conservative in some cases, leading to a heavy structure. Because these methods are established on the basis that load cycles would only cause fatigue damage, ignore the strengthening effect of loads. Based on Palmgren-Miner Rule(PMR), this paper introduces a new method for fatigue life prediction under service loadings by taking into account the strengthening effect of loads below the fatigue limit. In this method, the service loadings are classified into three categories: damaging load, strengthening load and none-effect load, and the process for fatigue life prediction is divided into two stages: stage I and stage II, according to the best strengthening number of cycles. During stage I, fatigue damage is calculated considering both the strengthening and damaging effect of load cycles. While during stage II, only the damaging effect is considered. To validate this method, fatigue lives of automobile half shaft and torsion beam rear axle are calculated based on the new method and traditional methods, such as PMR and Modified Miner Rule(MMR), and fatigue tests of the two components are conducted under service loading histories. The tests results show that the percentage errors of the predicted life with the new method to mean life of tests for the two components are –3.78% and –1.76% separately, much lesser than that with PMR and MMR. By considering the strengthening effect of loads below the fatigue limit, the new method can significantly improve the accuracy for fatigue life prediction. Thus lightweight design can be fully realized in the design stage.

目的:观察长脉冲1064nmNd:YAG激光治疗婴幼儿皮肤血管瘤临床疗效,并探讨影响疗效的相关因素.方法:应用长脉冲1064nmNd:YAG激光治疗婴幼儿皮肤血管瘤215例,其中鲜红斑痣19例,草莓状血管瘤179例,混合型血管瘤17例.分析其疗效与病变类型、瘤体大小、病变部位及治疗次数的关系.结果:215例患儿中治愈133例,显效67例.有效8例.无效7例,痊愈率和有效率分别为61.9%和93.1%.疗效与血管瘤的病变类型、瘤体的大小以及治疗次数有关,但与其病变部位无明显相关性.治疗后暂时性色素沉着、暂时性色素减退、浅表性瘢痕、头部毛发减少或消失的发生率分别为48.8%、8.3%、4.6%和3.7%.结论:长脉冲1064nmNd:YAG激光治疗婴幼儿皮肤血管瘤疗效好,安全性较高,不良反应轻,可在临床上推广使用.

During hard cutting process there is severe thermodynamic coupling effect between cutting tool and workpiece, which causes quenching effect on finished surfaces under certain conditions. However, material phase transformation mechanism of heat treatment in cutting process is different from the one in traditional process, which leads to changes of the formation mechanism of damaged layer on machined workpiece surface. This paper researches on the generation mechanism of damaged layer on machined surface in the process of PCBN tool hard cutting hardened steel Cr12 Mo V. Rules of temperature change on machined surface and subsurface are got by means of finite element simulation. In phase transformation temperature experiments rapid transformation instrument is employed, and the effect of quenching under cutting conditions on generation of damaged layer is revealed. Based on that, the phase transformation points of temperature under cutting conditions are determined. By experiment, the effects of cutting speed and tool wear on white layer thickness in damaged layer are revealed. The temperature distribution law of third deformation zone is got by establishing the numerical prediction model, and thickness of white layer in damaged layer is predicted, taking the tool wear effect into consideration. The experimental results show that the model prediction is accurate, and the establishment of prediction model provides a reference for wise selection of parameters in precise hard cutting process. For the machining process with high demanding on surface integrity, the generation of damaged layer on machined surface can be controlled precisely by using the prediction model.