科创中国

将金精矿粉样品直接置于石英舟中,在高纯氧气氛中燃烧,释放出汞,与齐化管中的金形成金汞齐,于900℃热释放出汞蒸汽,用直接测汞仪法测定汞的含量.测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.28%~1.57%(n=6),方法检出限为1.0pg/kg,加标回收率为95.7%~117.4%.用该法对4种土壤标准样品进行了测定,测定结果与标准值相符.该方法适合于金精矿粉中微量汞的测定.

Drill sampling has been widely employed as an effective way to acquire deep samples in extraterrestrial exploration. A novel sampling method, namely, flexible-tube coring, was adopted for the Chang'e mission to acquire drilling cores without damaging stratification information. Since the extraterrestrial environment is uncertain and different from the terrestrial environment, automated drill sampling missions are at risk of failure. The principles of drilling and coring for the lunar subsurface should be fully tested and verified on earth before launch. This paper proposes a test-bed for conducting the aforementioned experiments on earth. The test-bed comprises a rotary-percussive drilling mechanism, penetrating mechanism, drilling medium container, and signal acquisition and control system. For granular soil, coring experiments indicate that the sampling method has a high coring rate greater than 80%. For hard rock, drilling experiments indicate that the percussive frequency greatly affects the drilling efficiency. A multi-layered simulant composed of granular soil and hard rock is built to test the adaptability of drilling and coring. To tackle complex drilling media, an intelligent drilling strategy based on online recognition is proposed to improve the adaptability of the sampling drill. The primary features of this research are the proposal of a scheme for drilling and coring a test-bed for validation on earth and the execution of drilling experiments in complex media.

Hydrostatic mechanical face seals for reactor coolant pumps are very important for the safety and reliability of pressurized-water reactor power plants.More accurate models on the operating mechanism of the seals are needed to help improve their performance.The thermal fluid–solid interaction(TFSI)mechanism of the hydrostatic seal is investigated in this study.Numerical models of the flow field and seal assembly are developed.Based on the mechanism for the continuity condition of the physical quantities at the fluid–solid interface,an on-line numerical TFSI model for the hydrostatic mechanical seal is proposed using an iterative coupling method.Dynamic mesh technology is adopted to adapt to the changing boundary shape.Experiments were performed on a test rig using a full-size test seal to obtain the leakage rate as a function of the differential pressure.The effectiveness and accuracy of the TFSI model were verified by comparing the simulation results and experimental data.Using the TFSI model,the behavior of the seal is presented,including mechanical and thermal deformation,and the temperature field.The influences of the rotating speed and differential pressure of the sealing device on the temperature field,which occur widely in the actual use of the seal,are studied.This research proposes an on-line and assembly-based TFSI model for hydrostatic mechanical face seals,and the model is validated by full-sized experiments.

As a promising technique, surrogate-based design and optimization(SBDO) has been widely used in modern engineering design optimizations. Currently, static surrogate-based optimization methods have been successfully applied to expensive optimization problems. However, due to the low efficiency and poor flexibility, static surrogate-based optimization methods are difficult to efficiently solve practical engineering cases. At the aim of enhancing efficiency, a novel surrogate-based efficient optimization method is developed by using sequential radial basis function(SEO-SRBF). Moreover, augmented Lagrangian multiplier method is adopted to solve the problems involving expensive constraints. In order to study the performance of SEO-SRBF, several numerical benchmark functions and engineering problems are solved by SEO-SRBF and other well-known surrogate-based optimization methods including EGO, MPS, and IARSM. The optimal solutions, number of function evaluations, and algorithm execution time are recorded for comparison. The comparison results demonstrate that SEO-SRBF shows satisfactory performance in both optimization efficiency and global convergence capability. The CPU time required for running SEO-SRBF is dramatically less than that of other algorithms. In the torque arm optimization case using FEA simulation, SEO-SRBF further reduces 21% of the material volume compared with the solution from static-RBF subject to the stress constraint. This study provides the efficient strategy to solve expensive constrained optimization problems.

The transient behavior of centrifugal pumps during transient operating periods,such as startup and stopping,has drawn more and more attention recently because of urgent needs in engineering.Up to now,almost all the existing studies on this behavior are limited to using water as working fluid.The study on the transient behavior related to solid-liquid two-phase flow has not been seen yet.In order to explore the transient characteristics of a high specific-speed centrifugal pump during startup period delivering the pure water and solid-liquid two-phase flow,the transient flows inside the pump are numerically simulated using the dynamic mesh method.The variable rotational speed and flow rate with time obtained from experiment are best fitted as the function of time,and are written into computational fluid dynamics(CFD)code-FLUENT by using a user defined function.The predicted heads are compared with experimental results when pumping pure water.The results show that the difference in the transient performance during startup period is very obvious between water and solid-liquid two-phase flow during the later stage of startup process.Moreover,the time for the solid-liquid two-phase flow to achieve a stable condition is longer than that for water.The solid-liquid two-phase flow results in a higher impeller shaft power,a larger dynamic reaction force,a more violent fluctuation in pressure and a reduced stable pressure rise comparing with water.The research may be useful to understanding on the transient behavior of a centrifugal pump under a solid-liquid two-phase flow during startup period.

利用同步辐射X射线荧光法(Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence,SR-XRF)、离子色谱(Ion Chromatography,IC)、扫描电镜及其能谱分析(Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive microanalysis,SEM-EDX)、同步辐射微束X射线荧光法(Synchrotron radiation micro-beam X-ray fluorescence,μ-XRF)等手段研究上海某垃圾焚烧厂生活垃圾焚烧产物飞灰(Fly ash,FA)、炉渣(Bottom ash,BA)的元素浓度、离子组成、微观形貌、元素面分布,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry,ICP-MS)和X射线吸收精细结构谱(X-ray absorption near-edge structure,XANES)研究灰渣中Pb的同位素比值和化学种态.研究发现,飞灰中多数金属元素浓度高于炉渣中的,Pb、Cd明显富集于飞灰中,元素的富集因子显示Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn等呈极度污染状态.灰渣中水溶性成分主要为Ca、Na、K的氯化盐和硫酸盐,飞灰中离子浓度普遍高于炉渣中的.飞灰颗粒相对于炉渣颗粒粒径小、表面粗糙,更易于重金属的吸附.灰渣颗粒物的元素Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Fe、Mn等并不是均匀分布的,而是呈现局部明显富集.飞灰和炉渣Pb的来源相似,化学种态相似,主要为PbCl2、PbS和PbO.生活垃圾在焚烧过程中元素的迁移分布与元素本身的特性、焚烧环境相关,上海地区生活垃圾焚烧飞灰是危险废弃物,需稳定化处理后才能填埋,炉渣的资源化利用必需经过预处理.

采用高温固相反应法制备了Sr3-x-yAl2O6:xCe3+,yEu2+(x=0,y=0;x=0.04,y=0;x=0.04,y=0.02;x=0.04,y=0.04;x=0.04,y=0.06;x=0.04,y=0.08;x=0,y=0.04)荧光粉,研究其相组成与荧光特性,结果表明,样品具有单相Sr3Al2O6晶体结构.在360nm波长的紫外光激发下,Ce3+离子辐射出峰值在434nm附近的宽谱蓝光.通过能量传递作用,Eu2+离子辐射峰值为517nm左右的宽谱绿光.Ce3+和Eu2+的荧光组合获得了色坐标为(0.2611,0.3313)的近白光发射.样品的激发光谱分布在250~400nm的波长范围,这种荧光粉有望在紫外或近紫外激发的白光LED中获得应用.

为了计算二极管抽运Nd∶ YAG晶体温度场及热形变场,建立了端面绝热、周边恒温的晶体热模型.基于Nd∶ YAG晶体导热系数及热形变系数与其温度的函数关系,应用Newton切线法对热传导方程进行求解,得到了变导热系数和变热形变系数矩形截面Nd∶YAG晶体端面抽运下的温度场和热形变场的一般表达式,同时计算了Nd∶ YAG晶体在不同抽运功率和抽运光斑半径下内部温度场和热形变场的分布变化.结果表明,使用钕离子质量分数为0.01、尺寸为3mm*3mm*8mm的Nd∶ YAG晶体,在功率为60W、光斑半径为450μm的抽运光照射下,变导热系数的Nd∶ YAG晶体端面最大温升为55.7℃,最大热形变量为2.85μm,而按传统将Nd∶ YAG晶体导热系数、热形变系数均视为定值时,晶体端面最大温升为43.4℃,端面最大热形变为2.84μm.

利用共沉淀法由Fe(NO3)3、Al(NO3)3、Zn(Ac)2和H2SO4制备了SO4^(2-)/Fe2O3/Al2O3/ZnO催化剂,并用于催化合成苯甲醛丙二醇缩醛,研究了醛醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间等因素对产品收率的影响.结果表明,在n(苯甲醛):n(丙二醇)=1:1.2,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的1%,反应时间50min的最佳条件下,苯甲醛丙二醇缩醛的收率可达97.6%.

针对传统SVM主动学习中批量采样方法的不足,提出了动态可行域划分算法.从特征空间与参数空间的对偶关系入手,深入分析SVM主动学习的本质,将特征空间中对样本的标注视为参数空间中对可行域的划分;通过综合利用当前分类模型和先前标注样本两方面信息,动态地优化可行域划分方案,以确保选取的样本对模型改进的价值,最终实现更为高效的选择性采样.实验结果表明,基于动态可行域划分的SVM主动学习算法能够显著提高所选样本的信息量,从而能够在有限的标注代价下大幅提高其分类性能.