科创中国

为研究沥青性能对应力吸收层沥青混合料路用性能的影响,通过室内试验测定了齐鲁70#道路石油沥青、复合改性沥青、橡胶沥青这3种沥青的技术指标,对设计的应力吸收层沥青混合料进行了高低温性能、水稳定性和疲劳性能评价,并得到了相应的动态模量主曲线和相位角主曲线.结果表明,复合改性沥青和橡胶沥青用于应力吸收层具有良好的路用性能和力学性能,建议在实际应用中结合经济因素选用.

It is a common phenomenon that the cracks originating from a hole can cause structural damage in engineering.However,the fracture mechanics studies of hole edge crack problems are not sufficient.The problem of an elliptical hole with two collinear edge cracks of unequal length in an infinite plate under uniform tension at infinity is investigated.Based on the complex variable method,the analytical solutions of stress functions and stress intensity factors are provided.The stress distribution along the axes and the edge of the elliptical hole is given graphically.The numerical results show that there is obvious stress concentration near the hole and cracks,and the stresses tend to applied loads at distances far from the defect,which conform to Saint-Venant's principle.Hence,the stress functions are proved to be right.Under special conditions,the present configuration becomes the Griffith crack,two symmetrical cracks emanating from an elliptical hole,two cracks of unequal length emanating from a circular hole,a crack at the edge of a circular hole,or a crack emanating from an elliptical hole.Compared with available results,stress intensity factors for these special shapes of ellipses and cracks show good coincidence.The stress intensity factor for two cracks of unequal length at the edge of an elliptical hole increases with the crack length and the major-to-minor axis ratio of the elliptical hole.The stress distribution in an infinite plate containing an elliptic hole with unsymmetrical cracks is given for the first time.

运用数值模拟,研究膜生物反应器中曝气管路布气位置及导流板对反应器内流场分布的影响,并对3种气水比(10:1、15:1、20:1)进行了优化研究.将模拟结果进行比较发现:"对齐"布气优于"间隔"布气;导流板对反应器内流场特性有较明显的影响,导流作用能有效地改善反应器内气含率的分布状况,提高氧传质效率,增大膜面剪切速度.在相同条件下,其平均膜面剪切速度分别是不加导板的"对齐"和"间隔"布气方式的1.5和1.9倍.当气水比为15:1时,各种布气方式反应器内气含率分布均较大,流场内的涡流均非常明显,整个场内形成了循环流动,膜面剪切速度也达到最大.

Influence of geometric and cutting parameters of cemented carbide cutting tool on reliability of cutting tool has become more and more mature,yet influence of its physical and material parameters on reliability is still blank.In view of this,cutting test and fatigue crack growth test of YT05 cemented carbide cutting tool are conducted to measure such data as the original crack size,growth size,times of impact loading,number and time of cutting tool in failure,and stress distribution of cutting tool is also obtained by simulating cutting process of tools.Mathematical models on dynamic reliability and dynamic reliability sensitivity of cutting tool are derived respectively by taking machining time and times of impact loading into account,thus change rules of dynamic reliability sensitivity to physical and material parameters can be obtained.Theoretical and experimental results show that sensitive degree on each parameter of tools increases gradually with the increase of machining time and times of impact loading,especially for parameters such as fracture toughness,shape parameter,and cutting stress.This proposed model solves such problems as how to determine the most sensitive parameter and influence degree of physical parameters and material parameters to reliability,which is sensitivity,and can provide theoretical foundation for improving reliability of cutting tool system.

Current research on the operational reliability of centrifugal pumps has mainly focused on hydrodynamic instability. However, the interaction between the fluid and structure has not been sufficiently considered; this interaction can cause vibration and dynamic stress, which can affect the reliability. In this study, the dynamic stresses in a single-blade centrifugal pump impeller are analysed under different operating conditions; the two-way coupling method is used to calculate the fluid–structure interaction. Three-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved with the SST k–ω turbulence model for the fluid in the whole flow passage, while transient structure dynamic analysis is used with the finite element method for the structure side. The dynamic stresses in the rotor system are computed according to the fourth strength theory. The stress results show that the highest stress is near the loose bearing and that the equivalent stress increases with the flow rate because the dynamic stresses are closely related to the pressure load. The stress distributions on the blade pressure side, suction side, leading edge, and trailing edge are each analysed for different flow rates; the highest stress distribution is found on the pressure side. On the blade pressure side, a relatively large stress is found near the trailing edge and hub side. Based on these results, a stress distribution prediction method is proposed for centrifugal pumps, which considers the interaction between the fluid and structure. The method can be used to check the dynamic stress at different flow rates when optimising the pump design to increase the pump reliability.

The competition of surface and subsurface crack initiation induced failure is critical to understand very high cycle fatigue(VHCF)behavior,which necessitates the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms for the transition of crack initiation from surface to interior defects.Crack initiation potential in materials containing defects is investigated numerically by focusing on defect types,size,shape,location,and residual stress influences.Results show that the crack initiation potency is higher in case of serious property mismatching between matrix and defects,and higher strength materials are more sensitive to soft inclusions(elastic modulus lower than the matrix).The stress localization around inclusions are correlated to interior crack initiation mechanisms in the VHCF regime such as inclusion-matrix debonding at soft inclusions and inclusion-cracking for hard inclusions(elastic modulus higher than the matrix).It is easier to emanate cracks from the subsurface pores with the depth 0.7 times as large as their diameter.There exists an inclusion size independent region for crack incubation,outside which crack initiation will transfer from the subsurface soft inclusion to the interior larger one.As for elliptical inclusions,reducing the short-axis length can decrease the crack nucleation potential and promote the interior crack formation,whereas the long-axis length controls the site of peak stress concentration.The compressive residual stress at surface is helpful to shift crack initiation from surface to interior inclusions.Some relaxation of residual stress can not change the inherent crack initiation from interior inclusions in the VHCF regime.The work reveals the crack initiation potential and the transition among various defects under the influences of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the VHCF regime,and is helpful to understand the failure mechanism of materials containing defects under long-term cyclic loadings.

以聚醚砜(PES)为基质膜材料,利用微图案硅片为模板,通过非溶剂致相分离法(NIPS)制备PES微图案膜,研究制膜条件对膜表面微图案及膜结构、性能的影响,考察图案化前后PES膜的水通量、接触角、孔隙率、拉伸强度性能差异.结果表明,以模板法制得的PES 膜表面呈现规整的微图案,且膜表面微图案的规整性随铸膜液中PES浓度的增加而提高.接触角、孔隙率和水通量测试表明,相对于PES原膜,制得的微图案膜具有较高的接触角和较高的孔隙率及水通量;机械性能测试表明,图案化前后膜的拉伸强度变化不大.

The current design of hydro-viscous clutch(HVC)in tracked vehicle fan transmission mainly focuses on high-speed and high power.However,the fluid torque under the influence of fluid temperature can not be predicted accurately by conventional mathematical model or experimental research.In order to validate the fluid torque of HVC by taking the viscosity-temperature characteristic of fluid into account,the test rig is designed.The outlet oil temperature is measured and fitted with different rotation speed,oil film thickness,oil flow rate,and inlet oil temperature.Meanwhile,the film torque can be obtained.Based on Navier-Stokes equations and the continuity equation,the mathematical model of fluid torque is proposed in cylindrical coordinate.Iterative method is employed to solve the equations.The radial and tangential speed distribution,radial pressure distribution and theoretical flow rate are determined and analyzed.The models of equivalent radius and fluid torque of friction pairs are introduced.The experimental and theoretical results indicate that tangential speed distribution is mainly determined by the relative rotating speed between the friction plate and the separator disc.However,the radial speed distribution and pressure distribution are dominated by pressure difference at the lower rotating speed.The oil film fills the clearance and the film torque increases with increasing rotating speed.However,when the speed reaches a certain value,the centrifugal force will play an important role on the fluid distribution.The pressure is negative at the outer radius when inlet flow rate is less than theoretical flow,so the film starts to shrink which decreases the film torque sharply.The theoretical fluid torque has good agreement with the experimental data.This research proposes a new fluid torque mathematical model which may predict the film torque under the influence of temperature more accurately.

以某拱坝为例,深入分析了不同固结灌浆阶段拱坝出现裂缝的成因和机理.高温季节控制固结灌浆上抬压力是避免开裂的关键;低温季节固结灌浆时表面温度应力是主导因素,尤其是出现长间歇期时.结合反馈分析与预报仿真结果,提出高温季节固结灌浆时应合理控制盖重厚度、灌浆压力以及灌浆开始的龄期;低温季节固结灌浆时,要做好保温工作.此外还可考虑采用无盖重灌浆来减小长间歇时间.

应用粒子图像测速技术(PIV)对膜蒸馏系统热容腔结构参数影响近膜面处的流动情况进行正交试验,考察喷管前端距膜面的距离δ和喷管中心线与热容腔径向夹角β对流场的影响.试验结果表明,合理布置热容腔的结构参数组合可以使膜面冲刷速度增大,对膜面的有效冲刷面积也增大,更好的破坏温度极化和浓度极化,使系统的膜通量增加.对于试验中采用的膜蒸馏系统,最优的结构参数组合是第32组试验,δ1、δ2、δ3,β1、β2、β3的取值分别为4 mm、3mm、4 mm,50°、35°、25°.流量也是试验中一个重要的影响因素,随着流量的增加,膜面处切向速度增大,对膜面的作用力增大,但是在增大系统流量提高切向冲刷速度的同时,应该考虑膜的机械强度.试验为膜蒸馏系统内部流动的深入研究提供了试验数据和测试经验,可为膜蒸馏系统结构设计的改进和膜蒸馏系统效率的提高提供了参考.