科创中国

Signal traits are often linked with the physiological state and behavior of their bearer. Direct examination of the causal links among these variables has provided substantial insight into the information content of signals, and into the costs and benefits of signal expression. Yet recent empirical work suggests that the social context in which signals are developed and displayed can play a major role not only in how signals are received, but also in coordinating and mediating the signaling phenotype itself. Here we review both well-established and emerging evidence for direct feedbacks among an individual's physiological state, be- havior, and signal elaboration. We then describe an integrative view of signaling that takes into account the bidirectional rela- tionships among components of phenotype and the social context in which signals are developed and displayed. Integrating dy- namic feedback between context and phenotype within models of the evolution and maintenance of signals may yield insights into how signals evolve, how signaling phenotypes are coordinated and maintained on ecological and evolutionary time scales, and how static signals continue to convey relevant phenotypic information about their bearer through time.

Social challenges from rival conspecifics are common in the lives of animals, and changes in an animal's social environment can influence physiology and behavior in ways that appear to be adaptive in the face of continued social instability (i.e. social priming). Recently, it has become clear that testosterone, long thought to be the primary mediator of these effects, may not always change in response to social challenges, an observation that highlights gaps in our understanding of the proximate me- chanisms by which animals respond to their social environment. Here, our goal is to address the degree to which testosterone me- diates organismal responses to social cues. To this end, we review the behavioral and physiological consequences of social chal- lenges, as well as their underlying hormonal and gene regulatory mechanisms. We also present a new case study from a wild songbird, the dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis, in which we find largely divergent genome-wide transcriptional changes induced by social challenges and testosterone, respectively, in muscle and liver tissue. Our review underscores the diversity of mechani- sms that link the dynamic social environment with an organisms' genomic, hormonal, and behavioral state. This diversity among species, and even among tissues within an organism, reveals new insights into the pattern and process by which evolution may alter proximate mechanisms of social priming.

While our understanding of male reproductive strategies is informed by extensive investigations into endocrine mechanisms, the proximate mechanisms by which females compete for mates and adjust reproduction to social environment remains enigmatic. We set out to uncover endocrine correlates of mate choice, social environment, and reproductive investment in female red-backed fairy-wrens Malurus melanocephalus. In this socially monogamous, yet highly sexually promiscuous species, females experience discrete variation in the phenotype of their mates, which vary in both plumage signals and level of paternal care, and in the composition of their breeding groups, which consist of either the pair alone or with an additional cooperative auxiliary; fe- male investment varies according to these social parameters. We found that androgen, estrogen, and glucorticoid levels varied with reproductive stage, with highest androgen and estrogen concentrations during nest construction and highest corticosterone concentrations during the pre-breeding stage. These stage-dependent patterns did not vary with male phenotype or auxiliary presence, though androgen levels during pre-breeding mate selection were lower in females obtaining red/black mates than those obtaining brown mates. We found no evidence that androgen, estrogen, or corticosterone levels during the fertile period were re- lated to extra-pair young (EPY) frequency. This study demonstrates clear changes in steroid levels with reproductive stage, though it found little support for variation with social environment. We suggest hormonal responsiveness to social factors may be physiologically constrained in ways that are bypassed through exogenous hormone manipulations.

随着Web2.0时代的到来,社会性软件在个人学习环境的构建方面作用凸显.文章通过文献调研法和类比分析法,首先介绍了个人学习环境定义演变及特征,其次探讨了PLE的构建与社会性软件之间的关系并根据个人学习经验构建了一个较为全面的个人学习环境,最后通过使用体验分类简析了几种常用的社会性软件的功能特性并给出社会性软件应用于个人学习过程的几点建议.

将仿真技术应用到社会系统研究是一个新的研究思路,需要从仿真全过程为其定制.深入分析了MDA、元模型、模型变换以及多范式建模理论几个基本概念以及他们在文中的内在关系,然后重点从建模环境的角度,基于元建模和模型变换的思想,为面向应急管理的人工社会定制了元建模框架.该框架从具体语法、抽象语法、语义3个角度对人工社会进行刻画.以此为基础,以甲型H1N1在封闭校园传播为案例,构造了人工校园并进行了计算实验.实验表明,元建模框架能有效实现模型的轻便性、可重用性、互操作性以及可拓展性.该元建模框架同时也是"非常规突发事件模拟仿真与计算实验集成升华平台"的建模子系统.

随着经济社会的发展,审计环境发生了很大变化.审计机关应加快审计转型,以更好地发挥服务完善国家治理的功能,重点要做到"三个必须".

无锡太湖蓝藻、陕西凤翔铅污染、湖南浏阳镉污染事件以及2011年多地血铅中毒和中海油蓬莱19-3油田漏油对海水的重大污染,引发了社会各界的广泛关注,社会对企业及时、全面、准确披露环境管理信息的呼声越来越高,同时也促使政府加强对环境管理信息监管制度的思考.我国于2003年发布了《关于企业环境信息公开的公告》(以下简称《公告》),2007年发布《环境信息

瑞典将环境教育作为环境政策的一个主要组成部分.国家教育委员会规定"环境保护是现代社会的主要任务之一".因此,学校必须将有关环境问题的性质和范围作为教育学生的基本内容.在教学方法上,重视学生的参与、思考和分析,提倡"做中学"的教育理念,而不是简单的知识传授.笔者应瑞典国际合作开发署的邀请,有幸作为教育部学习考察团的成员之一,赴瑞典参加了由瑞典、南非和中国共同举办的为期3周的环境教育和可持续发展教育高级国际培训项目.

国际影响评价协会1980年创建于美国,是一个致力于推广环境影响评价(以下简称环评)最佳实践经验,推动环评技术创新与发展的民间学术交流机构,在国际环评领域具有广泛而深远的影响.

说到湿地,您脑海里是不是会浮现这样的画面:芦花飞荡,香蒲拂摇,睡莲、浮萍飘摆于水面之上,在和煦的阳光下,绿色丝绸般的波浪一层层直涌到天边,各色鸟儿在水面肆意嬉戏鸣唱……没错,这就是原始湿地的真实写照.作为地球三大生态系统的湿地拥有孕育多种生命的巨大潜能,因而被誉为"生命的摇篮""物种的基因库".但从20世纪初开始,随