科创中国

Because antipredator behaviours are costly, the threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis predicts that individual animals should express predator-avoidance behaviour proportionally to the perceived threat posed by the predator. Here, we experimentally tested this hypothesis by providing wild passerine birds supplemental food (on a raised feeding platform) at either 1 or 4 m from the edge of forest cover (potential refuge), in either the presence or absence of a nearby simulated predation threat (a sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus model). Compared with the control treatment, we observed proportionally fewer bird visits to the food patch, and the birds took longer to re-emerge from forest refuge and return to feed at the food patch, after the hawk presentation than before it. The observed threat-sensitive latency-to-return response was stronger when the food patch was further away from the nearest refuge. Overall, our results are consistent with the predictions of the threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis in that wild passerine birds (primarily black-capped chickadees Poecile atricapillus) exhibited more intense antipre- dator behavioural responses with increasing level of apparent threat. The birds were thus sensitive to their local perceived threat of predation and traded-off safety from predation (by refuging) and foraging gains in open habitat in a graded, threat-sensitive manner [Current Zoology 60 (6): 719-728, 2014].

Fear?and?anxiety?may?be?adaptive?responses?to?life-threatening?situations,?and?animals?may?communicate?fear?to?others?vocally.?A?fundamental?understanding?of?fear?inducing?sounds?is?important?for?both?wildlife?conservation?and?management?because?it?helps?us?understand?how?to?design?repellents?and?also?how?(and?why)?animals?may?be?negatively?impacted?by?anthropogenic?sounds.?Nonlinear?phenomena--sounds?produced?by?the?desynchronization?of?vibrations?in?a?sound?production?system-are?commonly?found?in?stress-induced?animal?vocalizations,?such?as?in?alarm?calls,?mobbing?calls,?and?fear?screams.?There?are?several?functional?hypotheses?for?these?nonlinear?phenomena.?One?specific?hypothesis?is?the?unpredictability?hypothesis,?which?suggests?that?because?nonlinear?phenomena?are?more?variable?and?somewhat?unpredictable,?animals?are?less?likely?to?habituate?to?them.?Animals?should,?therefore,?have?a?prolonged?response?to?sounds?with?nonlinear?phenomena?than?sounds?without?them.?Most?of?the?studies?involving?nonlinear?phenomena?have?used?mammalian?subjects?and?conspecific?stimuli.?Our?study?fo-?cused?on?white-crowned?sparrows?(Zonotrichia?leucophrys?ssp.?oriantha)?and?used?synthesized?acoustic?stimuli?to?investigate?behavioral?responses?to?stimuli?with?and?without?nonlinear?phenomena.?We?predicted?that?birds?would?be?less?relaxed?after?hearing?a?stimulus?with?a?nonlinear?component.?We?calculated?the?difference?from?baseline?of?proportion?of?time?spent?in?relaxed?behaviors?and?performed?pair-wise?comparisons?between?a?pure?tone?control?stimulus?and?each?of?three?experimental?stimuli,?including?a?frequency?jump?up,?a?frequency?jump?down,?and?white?noise.?These?comparisons?showed?that?in?the?30q50?s?after?the?playback?experiment,?birds?were?significantly?less?relaxed?after?hearing?noise?or?an?abrupt?frequency?jump?down?an?octave?but?not?an?abrupt?frequency?jump?up?an?octave?or?a?pure?tone.?Nonlinear?phenomena,?therefore,?may?be?generally?arousing?to?animals?and?may?explain?why?these?acoustic?properties?are?commonly?fou

为探究B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)成虫对寄主植物多样性的适应性,采用生态测定和生化方法,比较了油菜、棉花、番茄、黄瓜4种寄主植物同时存在与单种寄主植物存在时对B型烟粉虱存活率、产卵量、总蛋白、海藻糖、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutases,SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,AKP)、海藻糖酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶等指标的影响.同时,利用"Y"型嗅觉仪,测定了B型烟粉虱雌成虫对4种寄主混合共存和单独存在时的行为反应.结果表明,与单种寄主植物相比,4种寄主植物混合共存时,烟粉虱9 d时存活率显著降低,为(64.0±3.8)%,总产卵量为907±52.5粒,大于棉花,小于油菜、黄瓜,与番茄无显著差异;海藻糖含量及SOD、AKP、海藻糖酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶活性相对增大;行为研究表明4种寄主植物混合共存与单种植物存在时相比,除油菜外,B型烟粉虱雌虫对单种植物选择趋性较强.

对1000名女性市民进行问卷调查,运用方差分析和回归分析的方法,探索女性休闲体育限制因素及其与行为的关系.结果表明,不同参与水平的女性都会不同程度地遭遇限制因素,说明遭遇限制因素并不会导致休闲体育行为的不发生.相对来说,不参与人群在4个限制因素方面都比较高,随着参与水平的提高,感知限制逐渐减少.年龄、婚姻状况、收入、受教育程度等人口学因素与限制因素有关.4类限制因素和行为之间存在着显著的负相关关系,但只有自身限制因素对行为的预测作用有显著的统计学意义.

分析了军事环境下作战行为的基本概念,提出将行为模型划分为基于指挥控制的任务模型和基于个体的自主行为模型.针对任务模型的过程化特点,利用流程图、状态机等过程化工具将任务分解为原子行为并组装成组合行为;针对自主行为的非线性和复杂性特点,利用多Agent技术实现了自治的模型组件并将其组装成为作战实体或单元.通过黑板系统实现了原子行为、自治行为、实体及单元之间的通讯.从模型重用的角度给出了相关概念的形式化描述.介绍了一个基于该技术框架的模型实例.初步应用结果表明,该框架能有效提升行为模型的开发效率.

为提高人们对健康锻炼行为的预测和干预效果,基于健康行动过程取向(HAPA)与计划行为理论(TPB)整合模型为测评基础,通过对中国城市青少年(n=152名)、大学生(n=204名)及城市健康成年人(n=97名)不同年龄段群体(后称不同群体)进行问卷调查与数据分析.结果表明,1)HAPA与TPB整合模型更适合对健康成年人锻炼行为的预测与干预,理论模型更接近真阶段模型(非连续性模式百分比分别为35%),而大学生和青少年群体显得偏低;2)行为意向、行为计划和锻炼行为之间的作用路径因群体的不同而不同,中国健康成年人群体中三者的路径系数呈显著性(Y行为意向与行为计划=0.47,P<0.05;Y行为计划与锻炼行为=0.48,P<0.05),而大学生和青少年群体则表现不一;3)行为意向的前因变量在不同群体中表现极不一致,在青少年和大学生群体中存在对锻炼行为的显著直接路径,而非以往认为的间接路径.同时,研究证实,父亲的锻炼行为对青少年群体有着更为显著的作用路径(β=0.47,P<0.05).该整合模型更适合对中国成年人健康锻炼行为的阶段干预和预测,对青少年群体和大学生群体的干预和预测仅得到部分支持,许多前因变量存在对锻炼行为显著的直接路径(如社会支持,主观规范等),而未能呈现阶段性特征,根据不同年龄群体的变量特点进行干预策略实施才能更加提高干预的效果.

Behavioral?research?has?long?had?an?important?role?in?the?conservation?of?terns?(Ayes:?Stemidae).?Habitat?management?and?restoration?of?breeding?colony?sites?depends?on?knowledge?of?the?cues?used?to?select?colony?and?nest?sites.?For?example,?conspecific?attraction?with?playback?and?decoys?is?commonly?used?to?bring?terns?to?suitable?colony?sites?and?habitat?modification?is?often?used?to?increase?the?availability?of?suitable?nest?sites.?Tern?colonies?are?interconnected?by?dispersal,?and?a?metapopulation?approach?is?needed?for?effective?management.?Population?dynamics?are?therefore?affected?by?behaviors?that?influence?the?frequency?of?movement?among?colony?sites:?site?fidelity,?natal?and?breeding?dispersal,?and?group?adherence.?The?monogamous?breeding?system?of?terns?should?keep?effective?population?size?similar?to?census?population?size,?but?variation?in?sex?ratios?(likely?resulting?from?sex?differences?in?behavior)?and?in?parental?quality?can?result?in?a?smaller?than?expected?effective?population?size.?In?addition?to?the?behavior?of?terns,?knowledge?of?the?behavior?of?predators?on?terns?contributes?to?management?plans,?because?predator?behavior?can?sometimes?be?manipulated?and?predation?is?often?performed?by?only?a?few?specialized?individuals.?Other?examples?of?links?between?tern?behavior?and?conservation?are?also?briefly?reviewed,?such?as?behavioral?toxicology?research?and?studies?of?behavioral?responses?to?human?disturbance?and?manmade?structures.?More?work?is?needed?on?the?behavior?of?migratory?terns?at?staging?sites,?stopover?sites?and?wintering?grounds,?and?on?the?behavior?of?less?well-studied?species?and?species?in?less?well-studied?geographic?regions?[Current?Zoology?60?(4):?500-514,?2014].

文体对语境的适应性、对语言物质结构的依附性、文体规则系统的开放性以及文体的个性差异都凸显了其后天历时的社会行为属性,而非类似乔姆斯基语法的先天能力.文体的社会属性给我们带来四个方面的启示:1.文体意识的行为属性和文体意识培养的可行与必要;2.文体与语用的共性及语用研究成果对文体研究的借鉴意义;3.文体分析的多视角、多层次阐释框架研究的重要性;4.文体因素影响带来的个别语法研究.

目的:研究影响武汉市居民首诊行为的影响因素,为改善居民首诊就医行为的政策制度提供科学依据.方法:通过入户调查武汉市硚口、江汉区3个社区年龄≥15岁,且在本社区居住半年及以上的居民.采用自行设计的调查问卷,实际完成调查的有效人数483人.调查问卷内容包括人口学特征、社会经济学状况、健康状况、对社区卫生服务机构的认识以及社区首诊就医行为意愿.结果:居民社区首诊意愿指标显示:很愿意和比较愿意的占50.5%;一般、不大愿意和很不愿意的占49.5%.对居民社区卫生服务机构首诊就医行为意愿有显著影响的因素是:在本社区居住年限、居民认为社区卫生服务机构在疾病防治上的作用、认识本社区医生或护士的数量.结论:通过本研究分析,建议加强社区卫生服务机构建设,考虑影响居民社区首诊的前提条件,即居民对首诊医疗服务的需求与社区医疗机构服务提供的信息不对称问题,需要社会通过多渠道的沟通使居民了解社区医疗服务的功能定位以及所提供的可及性服务.

近年来我国男男性行为者(MSM)中HIV感染率呈上升趋势,其中人口流动被证明是HIV传播的重要因素.江苏省MSM人群中HIV感染近几年也迅速上升,常州地区也不能幸免.常州地处苏南,经济发达,交通便利,人口流动频