科创中国

Satellite-tracking technology has allowed scientists to make a quantum leap in the field of migration ecology. Nowadays, the basic description of migratory routes of many species of birds has been reported. However, the investigation of bird migration at individual level (i.e. repeatability in migratory routes and timing) still remains seldom explored. Here, we investigated repeated migratory trips of a trans-Saharan endangered migratory raptor, the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, tracked by GPS satellite telemetry. We compared between- and within-individual variation in migratory routes and timing in order to assess the degree of repeatability (or conversely, the flexibility) in migration. To this end, we analysed a dataset of 48 trips (23 springs and 25 autumns) recorded for six adult birds during 2007-2013. Our results showed consistent migration timing at the individual level, both in spring and autumn. Interestingly, there was a high degree of flexibility in the routes followed by the same individual in different years, probably due to variations in meteorological conditions. Contrary to expectations of a faster migration in spring than in autumn owing to a time-minimization strategy for breeding, birds spent less time in autumn migration (13 ± 2 days, range = 9-18 d) than in spring migration (19 ± 3 days, range = 13-26 d), which can be explained by differences in environmental con- ditions en route. Egyptian vultures showed a consistent clockwise loop migration through western Africa, following more easterly routes in autumn than in spring. Finally, our results provide supporting evidence of low phenotypic plasticity in timing of migration (i.e. strong endogenous control of migration) and high flexibility in routes [Current Zoology 60 (5): 642-652, 2014].

Studying movements is essential for shedding light on a number of issues related to avian biology: behavioral aspects such as foraging, migratory routes and strategies, navigation and orientation mechanisms; ecological aspects such as metapopulation dynamics, insular biogeography, seed dispersal, disease spread; conservation biology such as the effects of habitat fragmentation, identification of key areas deserving protection, effects of climate change. Despite these relevant issues, the topic of "Movement ecology" on its own has only been highlighted recently (Nathan et al., 2008);although, the investigation of animal movements has always been one of the most fascinating topics for any zoologist and often is also quite a difficult task.

汽车行驶速度是公路设计指标的重要依据,更是道路交通安全的重要因素.然而.近年来随着我国高速公路通车里程的增加,公路设计人员的实践经验逐渐年积累,意识到现行路线设计规范采用的计算行车速度方法已不能真实反映我国交通的实际运行特性,无法保证线形标准的协调一致性,存在一定的安全隐患.为进一步保障和提高我国公路的行车安全,交通部颁发了《公路项目安全性评价指南》,初步提出了对我国公路安全性评价的内容、方法和标准,从行车安全性的角度要求高速公路和一级公路需进行公路安全性评价,以达到减少交通事故,降低交通事故危害的目的.本文正是基于这一条件,针对公路线形连续是保证汽车安全行驶的基本要素,结合某高速公路初步设计阶段,应用《公路项目安全性评价指南》中的运行速度协调性与设计速度与运行速度协调性,分析计算高速公路初步设计阶段的平、纵面线形设计的运行速度,对其整体线形的一致性进行分析评价.以求为下一阶段平、纵面指标的优化调整提供参考意见.

By recording nocturnally migrating passerines with tracking radar we have investigated how coastlines affect the migrants' flight paths. Birds could use coastlines as an orientation aid or as a reference cue to compensate for wind drift while mi- grating. However, on the small scale of Falsterbo Peninsula in southern Sweden, we found very little effect of coastlines on migrants flight paths, irrespective of altitude. We tracked 2 930 migrants in three autumn and two spring seasons, at altitudes from 60 up to 3 000 meters. We compared tracks of migrants flying in three different areas, which correspond to the three main coastlines, and can demonstrate that the orientation of the tracks did not differ in a way consistent with the coastlines between the areas in autumn, and showed only a slight effect in spring. This is in accordance with earlier infrared device monitoring in Falsterbo, but contrary to earlier visual observations. It supports the view of nocturnally migrating passerines as mainly broad-front migrants. Even though the coastlines on the scale of the peninsula affected the flight paths very little, it is possible that the coastline has an effect on a larger regional scale, by migrants avoiding long sea crossings and thereby being funneled towards the peninsula, but this remains to be investigated [Current Zoology 60 (5): 660-669, 2014].

高达数十倍疯狂暴利,蒙蔽了商人的良心,欧美等发达国家的"洋垃圾"经中转走私进入大陆,涉及欧美、中转地和大陆三地的黑色链条就这样被搭建起来.近日,一起经"荷兰-台湾-大陆"的"洋垃圾"跨境走私路线图浮出水面.

从亘古时代,候鸟从未改变过古老的旅行规则:跨越重洋,循环往复,一鼓作气.候鸟的万里迁徙,如同史诗般令人瞠目.以红腹滨鹬为例,每年四月,这种鸟儿从南半球起飞.在万里行程之前,它们会铆足了劲,先吃成大胖子,还会将一些暂不需要的生殖器官如子宫等萎缩,之后不停歇、不睡觉、不进食,沿着东亚-澳大利西亚一线连续飞行6000公里,历时7天抵达渤海湾后,只剩下约不到一半

伴随人们生活节奏的加快,即食的中式肉制熟食将迎来爆发式增长.区域肉制熟食产品在全国化过程中需要突破哪些瓶颈?哪些成功的模式和路线可以借鉴?我国肉制熟食连续十年以超过15%的速度快速增长,2011年肉制熟食整体销售金额超过了20000亿元,而我国人均消费生熟肉制品超过

技术路线图作为一种新兴技术发展路径识别和预测的工具,正在被越来越多的国家、产业和企业认可接受.然而,当前技术路线图的研究和制定主要以定性方法为主,过分依赖专家经验;同时,技术路线图主要以技术实体(关键词)为核心显示要素,不能有效反映技术发展的脉络.论文从领域关键问题出发,运用文本挖掘技术和SAO结构分析方法,构建基于关键问题的核心技术方案群,并引入定量指标,以技术演化路线图的形式展示技术发展脉络,为新兴技术领域特定关键问题的未来技术方案研发及技术发展方向选择提供了重要参考.最后,文章以染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)技术为例开展实证研究,证实了该方法的科学性和有效性.

Recently-developed capabilities for tracking the movements of individual birds over the course of a year or longer has provided increasing evidence for consistent individual differences in migration schedules and destinations. This raises questions about the relative importance of individual consistency versus flexibility in the evolution of migration strategies, and has implications for the ability of populations to respond to climatic change. Using geolocators, we tracked the migrations of Scopoli's shearwaters Calonectris diomedea breeding in Linosa (Italy) across three years, and analysed timing and spatial aspects of their movements. Birds showed remarkable variation in their main wintering destination along the western coast of Africa. We found significant individual consistency in the total distance traveled, time spent in transit, and time that individuals spent in the win- tering areas. We found extensive sex differences in scheduling, duration, distances and destinations of migratory journeys. We also found sex differences in the degree of individual consistency in aspects of migration behaviour. Despite strong evidence for individual consistency, which indicates that migration journeys from the same bird tended to be more similar than those of dif- ferent birds, there remained substantial intra-individual variation between years. Indeed, we also found clear annual differences in departure dates, return dates, wintering period, the total distance traveled and re~rn routes from wintering grounds back to the colony. These findings show that this population flexibly shifts migration schedules as well as routes between years in response to direct or indirect effects of heterogeneity in the environment, while maintaining consistent individual migration strategies [Current Zoology 60 (5): 631-641, 2014].

Migrating landbirds are known to follow coast lines and concentrate on peninsulas prior to crossing water bodies, es- pecially during daylight but also at night, creating enhanced potential collision hazards with man-made objects. Knowing where these avian migration "hot-spots" occur in time and space is vital to improve flight safety and inform the spatial planning process (e.g. environmental assessments for offshore windfarms). We developed a simple spatial model to identify avian migration hot- spots in coastal areas based on prevailing migration orientation and coastline features known, from visual and radar observations, to concentrate migrating landbirds around land masses. Regional scale model validation was achieved by combining nocturnal passerine movement data gathered from two tier radar coverage (long-range dual-polarization Doppler weather radar and short- range marine surveillance radar) and standardised bird ringing. Applied on a national scale, the model correctly identified the ten most important Danish coastal hot-spots for spring migrants and predicted the relative numbers of birds that concentrated at each site. These bird numbers corresponded well with historical observational data. Here, we provide a potential framework for the es- tablishment of the first three-dimensional avian airspace sanctuaries, which could contribute to more effective conservation of long-distance migratory birds [Current Zoology 60 (5): 680-691, 2014].