科创中国

Despite?their?importance?to?conservation,?reintroductions?are?still?a?risky?endeavor?and?tend?to?fail,?highlighting?the?need?for?more?efficient?post-release?monitoring?techniques.?Reintroduced?animals?are?released?into?unfamiliar?novel?environ?ments?and?must?explore?their?surroundings?to?gain?knowledge?in?order?to?survive.?According?to?theory,?knowledge?gain?should?be?followed?by?subsequent?changes?to?the?animal's?movement?behavior,?making?movement?behavior?an?excellent?indicator?of?reintroduction?progress.?We?aim?to?conceptually?describe?a?logical?process?that?will?enable?the?inclusion?of?behavior?(in?particular,?movement?behavior)?in?management?decision-making?post-reintroductions,?and?to?do?so,?we?provide?four?basic?components?that?a?manager?should?look?for?in?the?behaviors?of?released?animals.?The?suggested?components?are?release-site?fidelity,?recurring?locations,?proximity?to?other?individuals,?and?individual?variation?in?movement?behavior.?These?components?are?by?no?means?the?only?possible?ones?available?to?a?manager,?but?they?provide?an?efficient?tool?to?understanding?animals'?decision-making?based?on?ecological?theory;?namely,?the?exploration-exploitation?trade-off?that?released?animals?go?through,?and?which?underlies?their?behavior.?We?demonstrate?our?conceptual?approach?using?data?from?two?ungulate?species?reintroduced?in?Israel:?the?Persian?fallow?deer?Dama?mesopotamica?and?the?Arabian?oryx?Oryx?leucoryx?[Current?Zoology?60?(4):?515-526,?2014]?.

目的 研究快速眼球运动睡眠行为障碍(RBD)与帕金森病(PD)的相关关系,并探讨伴有RBD的PD患者的临床特征.方法 选择我院106例PD患者,根据非运动症状问卷(NMS quest)第25项问答结果,将入选的84例患者分为RBD组(54例)和非RBD组(30例),采用统一PD评分量表(UPDRS)、Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分级比较两组患者的运动症状,选用NMS quest量表比较两组非运动症状发生情况,选用简易精神状态检查法(MMSE)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、帕金森病睡眠量表(PDSS)和Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)对两组患者的认知功能、焦虑和抑郁、睡眠障碍进行比较.结果 RBD组患者的病程[(3.7±1.3)年]显著短于非RBD组[(5.1±2.2)年](P < 0.05),RBD组与非RBD组运动症状比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);RBD组的非运动症状(胃肠道功能、自主神经系统功能、精神和睡眠活动等)的发生率显著高于非RBD组(P < 0.05).结论 伴发RBD的PD患者的病程较短,非运动系统受累的临床症状更加广泛.

Most seabird species display colonial behavior during the breeding period which implies that food resources around breeding sites can easily go depleted. Seabirds need to both reach profitable areas, which can be located far from the colony, and return to the colony regularly. In this context, flexibility in movement behavior may be crucial for breeding success. During chick-rearing, Procellariformes species can alternate short trips lasting 1-4 days for chick provisioning with longer trips for self-provisioning in what has been called a dual-foraging strategy. We analyzed foraging trips from 136 Scopoli's shearwaters from three Mediterranean colonies tracked with GPS during 6 chick-rearing seasons to assess whether the adoption of a dual fo- raging strategy depends on the quality of habitat surrounding the colony. We found a marked dual-foraging strategy only in birds from the Linosa colony which was the largest colony in terms of breeding pairs and was characterized by having a lower marine habitat quality. Birds from this colony performed foraging trips that extended up to 369 km from the nest and lasted more than 10 days. In general, the decision to perform long lasting trips was triggered by lower values of primary production and higher offspring weight. Contrary to expectation, the decision to feed far from the colony was not related to the parents' weight. At the same time, despite the higher productivity offered by distant areas, the higher proportion of long trips performed by birds breeding in poor areas was not sufficient to maintain the same body mass as the ones breeding in richer areas [Current Zoology 60 (5): 622-630, 2014].

对1000名女性市民进行问卷调查,运用方差分析和回归分析的方法,探索女性休闲体育限制因素及其与行为的关系.结果表明,不同参与水平的女性都会不同程度地遭遇限制因素,说明遭遇限制因素并不会导致休闲体育行为的不发生.相对来说,不参与人群在4个限制因素方面都比较高,随着参与水平的提高,感知限制逐渐减少.年龄、婚姻状况、收入、受教育程度等人口学因素与限制因素有关.4类限制因素和行为之间存在着显著的负相关关系,但只有自身限制因素对行为的预测作用有显著的统计学意义.

人体运动复杂且灵活多变,难以准确识别和学习.基于Kinect和ODE建立了一个集数据采集、分析建模、运动控制、物理再现、仿真于一体的人体运动仿真平台.采用Kinect进行人体动作实时连续捕捉,建立人体运动模型及计算模型,并基于ODE引擎实现了人体运动的准确再现和物理仿真.该平台以仿人乒乓机器人的手臂运动为实例进行研究,通过实验验证了该平台的有效性、准确性和实时性.

分析了军事环境下作战行为的基本概念,提出将行为模型划分为基于指挥控制的任务模型和基于个体的自主行为模型.针对任务模型的过程化特点,利用流程图、状态机等过程化工具将任务分解为原子行为并组装成组合行为;针对自主行为的非线性和复杂性特点,利用多Agent技术实现了自治的模型组件并将其组装成为作战实体或单元.通过黑板系统实现了原子行为、自治行为、实体及单元之间的通讯.从模型重用的角度给出了相关概念的形式化描述.介绍了一个基于该技术框架的模型实例.初步应用结果表明,该框架能有效提升行为模型的开发效率.

为提高人们对健康锻炼行为的预测和干预效果,基于健康行动过程取向(HAPA)与计划行为理论(TPB)整合模型为测评基础,通过对中国城市青少年(n=152名)、大学生(n=204名)及城市健康成年人(n=97名)不同年龄段群体(后称不同群体)进行问卷调查与数据分析.结果表明,1)HAPA与TPB整合模型更适合对健康成年人锻炼行为的预测与干预,理论模型更接近真阶段模型(非连续性模式百分比分别为35%),而大学生和青少年群体显得偏低;2)行为意向、行为计划和锻炼行为之间的作用路径因群体的不同而不同,中国健康成年人群体中三者的路径系数呈显著性(Y行为意向与行为计划=0.47,P<0.05;Y行为计划与锻炼行为=0.48,P<0.05),而大学生和青少年群体则表现不一;3)行为意向的前因变量在不同群体中表现极不一致,在青少年和大学生群体中存在对锻炼行为的显著直接路径,而非以往认为的间接路径.同时,研究证实,父亲的锻炼行为对青少年群体有着更为显著的作用路径(β=0.47,P<0.05).该整合模型更适合对中国成年人健康锻炼行为的阶段干预和预测,对青少年群体和大学生群体的干预和预测仅得到部分支持,许多前因变量存在对锻炼行为显著的直接路径(如社会支持,主观规范等),而未能呈现阶段性特征,根据不同年龄群体的变量特点进行干预策略实施才能更加提高干预的效果.

目的:观察4周自愿转轮运动对慢性应激致抑郁大鼠抑郁样行为及空间学习记忆能力,脑组织神经Y肽(neuropeptide Y,NPY)及血浆皮质醇(Cort)含量和中央杏仁核(central amygdala,CeA) nNOS表达的影响.方法:45只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、应激模型组及应激运动组,应激模型组及应激运动组大鼠建立慢性不可预见性应激(chronic unpredictable mild stress,CUMS)抑郁模型,同时,应激运动组大鼠进行4周自愿转轮运动.运动及应激结束后通过糖水偏爱实验、强迫游泳实验及八臂迷宫实验等方法测试大鼠行为学指标变化,放射免疫法测试大鼠脑组织NPY及血浆Cort含量,免疫组织化学法检测CeA区nNOS神经元的表达.结果:与对照组相比,慢性应激致抑郁大鼠糖水摄入量及糖水偏爱百分比均显著减少,强迫游泳实验中大鼠不动时间延长,八臂迷宫实验中应激大鼠完成八臂迷宫时间显著延长,工作记忆错误次数、参考记忆错误次数及总记忆错误次数均显著增加;应激大鼠肾上腺指数及血浆Cort水平显著升高,脑组织NPY水平下降、中央杏仁核nNOS表达显著增强;而长期自愿转轮运动可以显著改善抑郁模型大鼠的抑郁样行为及学习记忆能力,脑组织NPY水平升高、肾上腺指数及血浆Cort水平下降,CeA区nNOS表达减弱.结论:自愿转轮运动可以改善抑郁模型大鼠的抑郁样行为、增强大鼠学习记忆能力,机理可能与长期自愿转轮运动增加抑郁大鼠脑组织NPY水平、降低血浆Cort水平及减弱CeA区nNOS的表达有关.

平抛运动是常见的一种抛体运动,易与实际生活相联系,同时又包含了解决曲线运动的常用方法-"化曲为直".在实际的解题过程中,常需要分解位移或速度,把平抛运动处理为水平方向上的匀速直线运动和竖直方向上的自由落体运动.因此,平抛运动成为高考考查的热点内容之一,在繁多的平抛运动习题中,有一类题目非常惹人关注即平抛运动与斜面结合的问题.本文整合了相关题目,以期盼对此类问题能有清晰的解题思路和方法.1利用已有斜面,解决平抛运动问题若原题中已经有了斜面,根据题意,尝试分解速度或位移,利用斜面的倾角在直角三角形中解决问题.