科创中国

Lesser kestrels Falco naumanni are migratory central-place foragers that breed in dynamic arable landscapes. After arriving from migration, kestrels have no knowledge of the distribution of crops, and consequently prey, around their colony. The energy demand of pairs increases as breeding season progresses, but at the same time prey abundance, and their knowledge on prey distribution, also increases. Wind can have a strong influence on flight cost and kestrels should try to reduce energy expendi- ture when possible. When prey abundance is low, kestrels have little knowledge of prey distribution, and pairs have no chicks, they could reduce foraging flight cost by leaving the colony with tailwinds. When prey is abundant, knowledge on prey distribu- tion has increased, and chick demand is high, kestrels should fly to the most favorable foraging patches. We analyzed foraging trips directions in a lesser kestrel colony along the breeding season and in relation to wind speed and direction. We recorded 664 foraging trips from 19 individuals using GPS-dataloggers. We found that outward flights direction changed from uniform to a concentrated distribution along the season, as prey abundance and individual experience increased. We also found a temporal trend in the angular difference between outward flights and wind directions, with low values early in the season and then increa- sing as expected, but again low values at the end, contrary to expectation. Results suggest changes in kestrels foraging strategy along the season in relation to wind. Kestrels depart more with tailwinds in exploratory flights early in the season, while there is a spurious coincidence in direction to preferred foraging patches and dominant wind direction at the end [Current Zoology 60 (5): 604-615, 2014].

目的:测定飞行员长时间(8h)模拟飞行时,佩戴飞行头盔对其飞行耐力的影响,为飞行头盔设计改进和使用提供依据.方法:按受试者佩戴头盔的重量(1.7kg与2.0 kg)和任务负荷(仅提供影视音乐节目与模拟航线飞行)的不同将试验分为3组,观察记录受试者的主诉和表现.结果:受试者反映的问题,主要是闷热和压痛.为减轻闷热和压痛,受试者不断地调整头盔.闷热、压痛和调整头盔频次与时间进程相关,闷热出现在1h-3h,压痛出现在4-7h.因头盔重量和任务负荷不同,各组受试者的主诉和调整头盔频次有显著性差异.结论:头盔重量以及任务负荷等对飞行耐受能力有重大影响:头盔增重、任务负荷增加,加快了闷热和压痛的生成.频繁地调整头盔是缓解闷热和压痛的主要行为表现.相关测量结果为飞行头盔设计改进和使用提供了重要依据.

In order to compare the two species' flight performance over the exposed and windy Falsterbo Peninsula, where thermal conditions seldomly are very favorable, we used tracking radar to study flight parameters of sparrowhawks Accipiter ni- sus and common buzzards Buteo buteo during autumn migration. The results showed a clear difference between sparrowhawks and common buzzards in their flight altitudes and speeds, and in the wind conditions they encountered. Common buzzards had higher flight altitudes and were more selective of wind. Flight altitude was negatively related to the wind speed, which was most pronounced for common buzzards. Sparrowhawks had higher mean air- and cross-country speeds than common buzzards. Air- speed was negatively related, whereas ground and cross-country speeds were positively related to the tailwind component for both raptors. The differences between sparrowhawks and buzzards could to a large degree be explained by a larger dependence on thermal soaring among the common buzzards; a strategy associated with selectivity for favourable thermal and wind conditions during migratory flight. An additional important explanation for the interspecific differences was the habit of the sparrowhawks to combine migratory flight with hunting for prey, which makes it prone to fly at lower altitudes and use flapping flight to a much larger degree than common buzzards which do not forage during their migratory passage of the Falsterbo Peninsula [Current Zoo- logy 60(5): 670-679, 2014].

随着我国通用航空的发展,私人飞行员数量近年来从无到有并呈快速增长趋势.对于这一新的航空活动参与群体,为了在保证其飞行安全的同时保证公众安全,并促进其发展,本文研究其发展现状及目前政府监管上存在的问题,并提出监管对策建议.本文通过大量调研访谈得到目前我国私人飞行员发展现状,对比美国政府监管模式及我国道路交通安全管理模式,提出应修订相关法律规章相关内容及改进政府监管模式;鼓励行业协会的发展;加强政府对社会公众的航空安全教育与沟通.

飞行错觉一直是造成严重飞行事故的主要原因之一,因此采用VC++和ACCESS相结合的方法开发了一套抗飞行错觉模拟训练系统,该系统可以与任何一台飞行模拟器相结合使用,通过网络将需要训练的数据传送给模拟器的飞控等系统软件,由软件驱动硬件,从而使整个模拟器具有一个逼真的环境,飞行员利用模拟器飞行,能体会空中飞行时翻、滚、转等产生的复合错觉,进而找到抗飞行错觉的有效办法,提高飞行员的空间认知能力水平,保障飞行顺利安全.

1.1961年,前苏联人加加林完成了人类第一次进入太空飞行的壮举,加加林也由此成为世界上的第一个进入太空的人,

进入21世纪,大学英语教师职业的发展面临着严峻的挑战和诸多的发展机遇.各行各业对国际型、复合型人才的迫切需求对高等学校的人才培养目标提出了更新和更高的要求.ESP(专门用途英语)教学将逐渐成为大学英语教学的主流,大学英语教师未来职业发展的方向必然要转型为ESP教学.

研究一类具有时滞和非线性发生率的生态流行病模型.以滞量为参数,通过分析特征方程,得到了正平衡点局部稳定和Hopf分支存在的条件.同时,应用中心流形定理和规范型理论,得到了分支方向和分支周期解的稳定性计算公式.最后对所得理论结果进行了数值模拟.

以转型陷阱和自组织理论为视角,对我国竞技体育体制改革出现的问题进行研究,研究认为:在渐进式改革的进程中,使转型过程停滞并定型化的机会很多;中国竞技体育在29届奥运会后最现实的问题是改革的停滞,要打破转型陷阱,需要正确理解改革、发展、稳定三者之间的内在联系,界定好政府改革中的角色定位,正视转型陷阱格局,把加快扭转转型陷阱紧迫感同科学求实的精神结合起来,形成解决社会矛盾和冲突的制度化方式,激活涨落因子,推进我国竞技体育体制进一步完善和发展.

发展社会主义民主政治,建设社会主义政治文明,是全面建设小康社会的重要目标.目前,发展协商民主是由我们国家的性质所决定的,体现了我国政党间关系和谐发展的要求,是促进社会政治心理和谐的重要措施,是促进社会主义民主发展的重要内容,这些方面与政治制度同步发展,分别体现了政治主体文明、政治关系文明、政治意识文明、政治行为文明和政治制度文明的发展要求.在我国社会主义民主发展还不充分的情况下,发展协商民主是当代中国政治文明发展的重要方向.