科创中国

Human activity has been shown to influence how animals assess the risk of predation, but we know little about the spatial scale of such impacts. We quantified how vigilance and flight behavior in mule deer Odocoileus hemionus varied with distance from an area of concentrated human activity--a subalpine field station. An observer walked trails at various distances away from the station looking for deer. Upon encounter, the observer walked toward the focal animal and noted the distance at which it alerted and directed its attention to the approaching human (Alert Distance; AD), and the distance at which it fled (Flight Initiation Distance;. FID). AD and FID both increased nonlinearly with distance from the center of the field station, reaching pla- teaus around 250 m and 750 m, respectively. Deer also tended to flee by stotting or running, rather than by walking, when far from the station but they walked away when near the station. These results indicate that deer perceive lower risk near a focused area of human activity, and that vigilance and flight behaviors respond on somewhat different spatial scales. The concept of a spatial "human footprint" on behavior may be useful for understanding how human activities affect wildlife

目的:测定飞行员长时间(8h)模拟飞行时,佩戴飞行头盔对其飞行耐力的影响,为飞行头盔设计改进和使用提供依据.方法:按受试者佩戴头盔的重量(1.7kg与2.0 kg)和任务负荷(仅提供影视音乐节目与模拟航线飞行)的不同将试验分为3组,观察记录受试者的主诉和表现.结果:受试者反映的问题,主要是闷热和压痛.为减轻闷热和压痛,受试者不断地调整头盔.闷热、压痛和调整头盔频次与时间进程相关,闷热出现在1h-3h,压痛出现在4-7h.因头盔重量和任务负荷不同,各组受试者的主诉和调整头盔频次有显著性差异.结论:头盔重量以及任务负荷等对飞行耐受能力有重大影响:头盔增重、任务负荷增加,加快了闷热和压痛的生成.频繁地调整头盔是缓解闷热和压痛的主要行为表现.相关测量结果为飞行头盔设计改进和使用提供了重要依据.

In order to compare the two species' flight performance over the exposed and windy Falsterbo Peninsula, where thermal conditions seldomly are very favorable, we used tracking radar to study flight parameters of sparrowhawks Accipiter ni- sus and common buzzards Buteo buteo during autumn migration. The results showed a clear difference between sparrowhawks and common buzzards in their flight altitudes and speeds, and in the wind conditions they encountered. Common buzzards had higher flight altitudes and were more selective of wind. Flight altitude was negatively related to the wind speed, which was most pronounced for common buzzards. Sparrowhawks had higher mean air- and cross-country speeds than common buzzards. Air- speed was negatively related, whereas ground and cross-country speeds were positively related to the tailwind component for both raptors. The differences between sparrowhawks and buzzards could to a large degree be explained by a larger dependence on thermal soaring among the common buzzards; a strategy associated with selectivity for favourable thermal and wind conditions during migratory flight. An additional important explanation for the interspecific differences was the habit of the sparrowhawks to combine migratory flight with hunting for prey, which makes it prone to fly at lower altitudes and use flapping flight to a much larger degree than common buzzards which do not forage during their migratory passage of the Falsterbo Peninsula [Current Zoo- logy 60(5): 670-679, 2014].

随着我国通用航空的发展,私人飞行员数量近年来从无到有并呈快速增长趋势.对于这一新的航空活动参与群体,为了在保证其飞行安全的同时保证公众安全,并促进其发展,本文研究其发展现状及目前政府监管上存在的问题,并提出监管对策建议.本文通过大量调研访谈得到目前我国私人飞行员发展现状,对比美国政府监管模式及我国道路交通安全管理模式,提出应修订相关法律规章相关内容及改进政府监管模式;鼓励行业协会的发展;加强政府对社会公众的航空安全教育与沟通.

在机器人轨迹规划、数控机床刀具路径规划等应用中,基于分离距离的碰撞检测算法能在物体碰撞发生前预警并使系统做出相应响应,具有广泛应用和重要研究意义.分析基于分离距离的碰撞检测算法处理流程,就精确检测阶段分离距离计算所应用的基本原理对基于分离距离的碰撞检测算法从包围体层次树、代数几何、几何特征、单纯形法、数学规划、距离场等区分角度进行分析与讨论.归纳与总结碰撞检测对象正朝着多表现形式、非凸、有形变、多物体发展,碰撞检测算法正朝着动态检测、连续检测、并行化发展.最后,指出碰撞检测算法亟待解决的一些问题.

虚拟内窥镜自动漫游的中心路径提取采用边界距离变换算法实现.通过判断与组织相关的体素点、计算体素点的ID值和灰度值、标记处理点并将其作为新的边界点的方法来缩短边界距离场的建立时间;利用下标与体素点的边界距离一致的结构体数组作为快速查找表,将体素点按照其边界距离链接到数组的相应位置,每次选取位于数组下标最大位置的点进行处理,利用数组查询时间复杂度低的方法提高建立源距离场的时间效率.实验结果表明该实现方法时间效率高,提取的中心路径漫游效果好,实时性好.

飞行错觉一直是造成严重飞行事故的主要原因之一,因此采用VC++和ACCESS相结合的方法开发了一套抗飞行错觉模拟训练系统,该系统可以与任何一台飞行模拟器相结合使用,通过网络将需要训练的数据传送给模拟器的飞控等系统软件,由软件驱动硬件,从而使整个模拟器具有一个逼真的环境,飞行员利用模拟器飞行,能体会空中飞行时翻、滚、转等产生的复合错觉,进而找到抗飞行错觉的有效办法,提高飞行员的空间认知能力水平,保障飞行顺利安全.

1.1961年,前苏联人加加林完成了人类第一次进入太空飞行的壮举,加加林也由此成为世界上的第一个进入太空的人,

在多义词义项辨识或词义消歧中,义项划分的标准具有重要的制约作用.义项距离是进行义项划分的重要参考.多义动词义项距离与动词义项的三种组合特征-语义组合特征、语法组合特征及固定搭配特征密切相关,并由这三种特征的距离共同决定.在对100个现代汉语双义项动词的义项距离进行计算的基础上,可以得到动词义项的分合标准.

0引言两人一起抬某个物体在我们生活中是非常常见的现象,而且在两人抬一个物体时通常会有人建议个高的在后面抬,个矮的在前面抬;或者是建议劲大的抬物体的大头,或者建议劲大的抬得时候距离重心近一些,劲小的距离重心远一些.上面的生活现象都是我们所知道事实,我们自己也时不时会遇到这样的情况,但是其中的道理是什么,却需要仔细思考,特别是从力学的角度加以讨论.为了能让我们更清楚的知道这种现象所蕴含的力学原理,我们将从以下几步来展开讨论.1两人抬物体的力学模型的建立一般情况下,我们抬物体时对物体的作用点距离物体的重心并不相等,两人身高也并不是绝对相等,工作的地面也不完全是水平面等客观现实的存在,因此我们在建立这个力学模型时需要把这些因素考虑进去,因此我们对力学模型的