科创中国

Relationship between species' home range and their other biological traits remains poorly understood, especially in migratory birds due to the difficulty associated with tracking them. Advances in satellite telemetry and remote sensing techniques have proved instrumental in overcoming such challenges. We studied the space use of migratory ducks through satellite telemetry with an objective of understanding the influence of body mass and feeding habits on their home-range sizes. We marked 26 indi- viduals, representing five species of migratory ducks, with satellite transmitters during two consecutive winters in three Indian states. We used kernel methods to estimate home ranges and core use areas of these waterfowl, and assessed the influence of body mass and feeding habits on home-range size. Feeding habits influenced the home-range size of the migratory ducks. Carnivorous ducks had the largest home ranges, herbivorous ducks the smallest, while omnivorous species had intermediate home-ranges. Body mass did not explain variation in home-range size. To our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind on migratory ducks, and it has important implications for their conservation and management [Current Zoology 60 (5): 616-621, 2014].

总结了近年来在鱼类物种鉴定中常用的DNA序列分析、DNA指纹技术、物种特异性聚合酶链式反应和实时荧光PCR技术等DNA检测方法,同时对各类方法的特点和局限性进行了分析.

采用溶液共混法制备了一系列不同比例的明胶-魔芋葡甘聚糖共混膜,研究了明胶含量(质量分数)对共混膜的力学性能、吸湿性能、透光性能的影响.结果表明,明胶的引入,有利于改善魔芋葡甘聚糖膜的力学性能,减小魔芋葡甘聚糖膜的吸水率,明胶与魔芋葡甘聚糖的相容性良好.

观察并量化鱼类面对诸如拖网等主动式采样器具时的行为是一个挑战.应用一种高频成像声纳(DIDSON)在中等到富营养的水库直接观察并记录了鱼类在一张主动式中上层拖网网口前的躲避行为.在这个多鱼种水库环境中鱼类表现出了多样的行为模式.声学分析显示,在拖网区域内鱼类有76%被捕获,有24%则游出了该区域.

为探究B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)成虫对寄主植物多样性的适应性,采用生态测定和生化方法,比较了油菜、棉花、番茄、黄瓜4种寄主植物同时存在与单种寄主植物存在时对B型烟粉虱存活率、产卵量、总蛋白、海藻糖、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutases,SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,AKP)、海藻糖酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶等指标的影响.同时,利用"Y"型嗅觉仪,测定了B型烟粉虱雌成虫对4种寄主混合共存和单独存在时的行为反应.结果表明,与单种寄主植物相比,4种寄主植物混合共存时,烟粉虱9 d时存活率显著降低,为(64.0±3.8)%,总产卵量为907±52.5粒,大于棉花,小于油菜、黄瓜,与番茄无显著差异;海藻糖含量及SOD、AKP、海藻糖酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶活性相对增大;行为研究表明4种寄主植物混合共存与单种植物存在时相比,除油菜外,B型烟粉虱雌虫对单种植物选择趋性较强.

使用滤食性动物吸食悬浮颗粒的共养法被应用于处理对虾养殖系统中的营养物和颗粒废物.研究调查了紫贻贝与宽沟对虾共养的不同密度对一个封闭的循环水养殖系统中的水质和动物生长的影响.结果显示,系统中的贻贝去除了大量的总氮、总悬浮固体和菌落总数,

ATPase?6/8?gene?(842?bp)?of?mitochondrial?DNA?was?sequenced?in?Labeo?rohita?samples?(n?=?253)?collected?from?nine?rivers?belonging?to?four?river?basins;?Indus,?Ganges,?Brahmaputra?and?Mahanadi.?Analysis?revealed?44?haplotypes?with?high?haplotype?diversity?(Hd)?0.694?and?low?nucleotide?diversity?(π)?0.001.?The?within?population?variation?was?larger?(83.44%)?than?among?population?differences?(16.56%).?The?mean?Fsv?value?(0.166;?P?〈?0.05)?for?overall?populations?revealed?moderate?level?of?genetic?structuring?in?the?wild?L.?rohita?populations.?The?haplotype?network?presented?a?single?clade?for?wild?L.?rohita?population,?from?different?rivers.?Negative?values?for?Fu's?index?(Fs),?mismatch?distribution?analysis?indicated?period?of?expansion?in?L.?rohita?population.?The?time?after?recent?expansion?was?estimated?for?each?population,?between?0.042?to?0.167?mya.?The?pattern?of?Isolation?by?Distance?(IBD)?was?not?significant?(r?=?-0.113,?P?〈?0.287),?when?all?the?sampling?locations?were?compared?(Mantel?test),?however,?when?an?outlier?(Indus,?Brahmaputra?and?Mahanadi)?was?removed?from?the?whole?population?set,?a?clear?positive?correlation?between?pairwise?Fsv?and?geographic?distance?(Km)?was?seen.?The?analysis?of?data?demonstrated?that?ATPase6/8?gene?polymorphism?is?a?potential?marker?to?understand?genetic?population?structure?of?wild?L.?rohita?existing?in?different?rivers.?The?study?identified?population?substructure?in?wild?L.?rohita?with?common?ancestral?origin?[Current?Zoology?60?(4):?460--471,?2014].

下一步是增加空气系统.为了取消在USB项目7516-OCAT网箱的沉没测试中计划测试所需要的潜水呼吸器,必须安装空气系统.在下部和斜管的HDPE上钻孔并攻丝用于注入和排放空气和水(图17).安装了铜的输入阀门和管接头.所有进气阀和管接头都是3/8英寸的.斜管和底部管子上的进水管阀门是0.75英寸的,这样能加速管内水的注入和排放.在阀门的螺纹上使用了螺纹密封剂(液态的Teflon)以确保阀门不会漏气.经验证明在HDPE管子上钻孔和攻丝的方法能取得很好的效果.

受种植业结构调整、耕作制度改变、天气降雨频繁、温度适中等多种因素影响,在我国许多水稻发、玉米产区黏虫发生偏重.黏虫是一种迁飞性、暴发性的多食性害虫.8月上旬以来,内蒙古通辽和赤峰、河北廊坊、唐山、保定、沧州、秦皇岛、北京、天津、山西晋中等地3代幼虫相继暴发,面积之