科创中国

针对传统图像阈值降噪不足,本文提出了无需对噪声方差进行评估的基于主分量分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)的第二代Curvelet变换的图像降噪算法,并利用Cycle Spinning技术进行优化.PCA对Curvelet域中的噪声能量进行估计以实现对放射状条纹以及伪吉布斯等不良现象能够有效抑制.仿真试验结果表明,利用本文提出的算法对含噪图像进行降噪,降噪后图像的峰值信噪比得到了显著提高,且视觉效果也得到了明显地改善.因此,本文算法在图像处理领域具有广阔的应用前景.

介绍了机械式紧密纺的作用原理,对比了机械式、负压式紧密纺的优缺点.叙述了机械式紧密纺在上海-企业中的应用实例,对老机进行机械式紧密纺改造投资少、见效快,有节能和环保优势,具有推广潜力.

Pneumatic actuators and electric actuators have almost been applied to all manufacturing industries.The two kinds of actuators can replace each other in most fields,such as the point to point transmission occasion and some rotating occasions.However,there are very few research results about the advantages and disadvantages of two kinds of actuators under the same working conditions so far.In this paper,a novel comprehensive assessment method,named as overall life cycle comprehensive assessment(OLCCA),is proposed for comparison and assessment of pneumatic and electric actuators.OLCCA contains mechanical properties evaluation(MPE),life cycle cost analysis based on users(LCCABOU)and life cycle environmental impact analysis(LCEIA)algorithm in order to solve three difficult problems:mechanical properties assessment,cost analysis and environmental impact assessment about actuators.The mechanical properties evaluation of actuators is a multi-objective optimization problem.The fuzzy data quantification and information entropy methods are combined to establish MPE algorithm of actuators.Two kinds of pneumatic actuators and electric actuators with similar bearing capacity and similar work stroke were taken for example to verify the correctness of MPE algorithm.The case study of MPE algorithm for actuators verified its correctness.LCCABOU for actuators is also set up.Considering cost complex structure of pneumatic actuators,public device cost even method(PDCEM)is firstly presented to solve cost division of public devices such as compressors,aftercooler,receivers,etc.LCCABOU method is also effective and verified by the three groups of pneumatic actuators and electric actuators.Finally,LCEIA model of actuators is established for the environmental impact assessment of actuators.LCEIA data collection method and model establishment procedure for actuators are also put forward.With Simapro 7,LCEIA comparison results of six actuators can be obtained:Fossil fuels are the major environmental factor of pneumatic and electric actuators;Environmental impact of electric actuator is large than one of pneumatic actuator under the similar mechanical properties and working conditions of pneumatic and electric actuators.The results are correct and correspond with the actual mechanical properties of actuators.This paper proposes a comprehensive evaluation method of the actuators,which can solve the critical problem that similar electromechanical products are very difficult to be compared with each other from the angle of performance,cost and environment impact.

The competition of surface and subsurface crack initiation induced failure is critical to understand very high cycle fatigue(VHCF)behavior,which necessitates the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms for the transition of crack initiation from surface to interior defects.Crack initiation potential in materials containing defects is investigated numerically by focusing on defect types,size,shape,location,and residual stress influences.Results show that the crack initiation potency is higher in case of serious property mismatching between matrix and defects,and higher strength materials are more sensitive to soft inclusions(elastic modulus lower than the matrix).The stress localization around inclusions are correlated to interior crack initiation mechanisms in the VHCF regime such as inclusion-matrix debonding at soft inclusions and inclusion-cracking for hard inclusions(elastic modulus higher than the matrix).It is easier to emanate cracks from the subsurface pores with the depth 0.7 times as large as their diameter.There exists an inclusion size independent region for crack incubation,outside which crack initiation will transfer from the subsurface soft inclusion to the interior larger one.As for elliptical inclusions,reducing the short-axis length can decrease the crack nucleation potential and promote the interior crack formation,whereas the long-axis length controls the site of peak stress concentration.The compressive residual stress at surface is helpful to shift crack initiation from surface to interior inclusions.Some relaxation of residual stress can not change the inherent crack initiation from interior inclusions in the VHCF regime.The work reveals the crack initiation potential and the transition among various defects under the influences of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the VHCF regime,and is helpful to understand the failure mechanism of materials containing defects under long-term cyclic loadings.

中国宏观经济数据表明,存货总投资对解释GDP波动具有非常重要的作用.进一步利用采购经理人指数(PMI)数据对产成品存货投资和原材料存货投资进行研究,本文发现前者具有逆周期性,而后者表现出顺周期性.本文构建了一个具有产成品和原材料两种存货的动态宏观模型.利用贝叶斯动态方法,对模型进行了整体估计.结果表明,模型动态很好地解释了数据中的经验事实;两类存货投资的周期性特征主要源于最终需求冲击,该结论印证了2008年金融危机中,需求大幅回落是造成中国经济波动的最主要因素.

在关于技术赶超的研究文献中,还没有以中国企业进行实证研究的.本文所研究的华为公司,从1988年创立到2009年的20年间,以持续高效率的R&D投入,取得了在核心技术领域专利数量、市场份额等全球领先,实现了技术赶超;为什么会取得这样的业绩?本文以爱立信作为华为技术追赶的标杆企业,运用道格拉斯模型计算2002-2009年间R&D投资对销售收入的产出弹性;同时,以描述统计方式,对华为与爱立信进行了R&D经费、人员投入和专利产出的趋势分析;分析结果表明,华为在持续高额R&D投入的同时取得了持续的高投入产出效率,其R&D投入产出弹性为0.85,远远高于爱立信(-1.0),表明华为的R&D投入产出效率远高于爱立信;但同时,随着爱立信的R&D人员数量的减少,华为的R&D人员数量却迅速增加,在人员数量与工作量的投入远高于爱立信,人均专利申请数量却只是爱立信的一半;通过对研究结果的理论分析后发现,华为实现技术赶超的主要原因在于持续稳定的R&D经费和高比重、低成本R&D人员投入,明确的技术战略和先进的技术管理,有效的专一化、低成本与差异化的策略组合,在行业环境变化、领先者发展趋缓的时候,实现了技术赶超.

利用多重PCR结合DHPLC技术首次建立转基因玉米高通量快速检测方法.根据公布的转基因玉米外源基因序列设计并合成适合多重PCR的引物序列,以转基因玉米为模板,通过优化多重PCR和DHPLC的反应条件,建立一套同时快速筛选检测玉米中多种转基因成分的7重PCR-DHPLC检测方法.该方法的检测灵敏度为0.195 ng/μL,质粒检测灵敏度为1*103拷贝/μL.

技术转移是一个复杂的、非线性的动态系统,现有研究未能将技术转移系统的动态演化纳入到分析框架中.本文借鉴系统动力学方法对中国技术转移系统演化进行动态仿真研究,从纵向视角界定了技术转移系统包括技术研发系统、技术传播系统和技术应用系统及其边界,构建了技术转移系统动力学模型,运用2000年-2009年中国宏观数据,进行仿真实验.实验结果表明,政府的财政科技经费投入强度的增加带来的效果不如企业科技经费投入强度增加带来的效果,且技术传播子系统对于经费投入的敏感度并不高;最后,根据动态仿真实验结果,为促进中国技术转移系统的良性发展提出相应的政策建议.

运用中国地区面板数据对基础研究的技术拉动效应进行实证检验,结果表明:基础研究在整体上对技术进步存在促进作用;但未能通过技术创新和技术引进这两条途径促进技术进步.进一步的门槛检验表明我国基础研究强度最优区间为0.058-0.084,且基础研究通过技术创新促进技术进步的作用呈倒“N”型关系,通过技术引进促进技术进步的作用呈“U”型关系.目前我国基础研究强度低于最优区间,进一步提高基础研究投入有助于改善技术创新和技术引进的技术拉动效应.