科创中国

In order to compare the two species' flight performance over the exposed and windy Falsterbo Peninsula, where thermal conditions seldomly are very favorable, we used tracking radar to study flight parameters of sparrowhawks Accipiter ni- sus and common buzzards Buteo buteo during autumn migration. The results showed a clear difference between sparrowhawks and common buzzards in their flight altitudes and speeds, and in the wind conditions they encountered. Common buzzards had higher flight altitudes and were more selective of wind. Flight altitude was negatively related to the wind speed, which was most pronounced for common buzzards. Sparrowhawks had higher mean air- and cross-country speeds than common buzzards. Air- speed was negatively related, whereas ground and cross-country speeds were positively related to the tailwind component for both raptors. The differences between sparrowhawks and buzzards could to a large degree be explained by a larger dependence on thermal soaring among the common buzzards; a strategy associated with selectivity for favourable thermal and wind conditions during migratory flight. An additional important explanation for the interspecific differences was the habit of the sparrowhawks to combine migratory flight with hunting for prey, which makes it prone to fly at lower altitudes and use flapping flight to a much larger degree than common buzzards which do not forage during their migratory passage of the Falsterbo Peninsula [Current Zoo- logy 60(5): 670-679, 2014].

One of the greatest feats of avian migration is the non-stop crossing of extensive areas of inhospitable habitat such as deserts and seas. Differences in spring and autumn migration routes have been reported in species that cross such barriers, and are thought to have evolved in response to seasonal variation in prevailing wind direction. We tested the hypothesis that migration routes vary seasonally with respect to the Gulf of Mexico in the tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor using solar geolocators attached and retrieved at 4 breeding sites in central North America. We found that 100 % of birds (n = 10) made a trans-Gulf flight of 〉850 km from Louisiana south to their wintering grounds in the Yucatan Peninsula in 12-36 hours, achieving minimum ground speeds as high as 32 m/s. Although most days during autumn migration were characterized by unfavorable headwinds blowing to the northwest, migration over the Gulf mostly occurred on days with strong winds blowing to the south. In contrast, in 8 of 9 (88 %) birds on spring migration returned from the wintering grounds towards Louisiana following a clockwise loop pat- tern flying over land to the west around the Gulf. During this spring period there were few days with prevailing winds from the south to assist northward migration. Results suggest that, despite being up to three times further (ca. 2,700 kin), a coastal circum-Gulf spring migration represents the less risky route when wind conditions are not favorable. These findings also help to resolve a long-standing dispute in the literature concerning migration patterns between the US Gulf coast and Mexico, and provide insight into the factors shaping migration strategies of small songbirds migrating across large bodies of water [Current Zoology 60(5): 653-559, 2014].

英语和法语同属于印欧语系,在语音、词汇和句法和时态上有很多相似之处.英语对法语的学习同时具有正迁移和负迁移.是回避还是直面语言迁移?其实,回避是回避不了的.直面迁移,明晰英语和法语的相似点和相异点,有助于强化其正迁移和克服负迁移.因此,英法互译可以成为法语教学的重要手段.

综述了纳米复合食品包装材料中纳米成分检测与迁移的国内外研究进展,重点就纳米复合包装材料中纳米成分检测的前处理方法、形貌检测和含量检测方法以及迁移研究进展进行了总结,为进一步的理论和实验研究提供参考.

我们经常遇到这样的情况,学生在学习物理知识时轻松、愉快,学习兴趣浓厚,可在解决实际问题时,往往一筹莫展,束手无策.究其原因是,在教学中重知识轻能力、学不致用.这种反差现象使我意识到:学生仅仅是懂得了物理知识还不足够,还要培养学生应用知识解决实际问题的能力,特别是知识迁移的能力.学生在学习过程中通过举一反三、触类旁通,把学到的某些物理原理、物理知识应用到学习新的知识或解决问题的活动中去,这就实现了知识的迁移.

批次生产过程为了不断满足快速增长的市场需求,经常进行生产装置的重组、负荷大小的调整以及品种的更换等,使批次过程的采样数据呈现出非线性、非高斯、多工况等复杂特征.针对这些特征,提出在批次过程的核特征空间利用核主元的k个近邻构建故障检测统计量指标进行过程监视的方法.将批次过程正常工况的数据按批次方向展开并进行标准化.采用核方法将其投影到核特征空间,确定出核主元,组成新的建模样本数据.通过相似性原理找到每个样本的k个近邻,构建k近邻的距离平方和故障检测指标,并采用核密度估计法确定出正常工况指标的统计控制限.利用SPE统计量对核残差空间同时进行监视.通过一个半导体生产过程的仿真实验结果表明了所提方法的有效性.

Satellite-tracking technology has allowed scientists to make a quantum leap in the field of migration ecology. Nowadays, the basic description of migratory routes of many species of birds has been reported. However, the investigation of bird migration at individual level (i.e. repeatability in migratory routes and timing) still remains seldom explored. Here, we investigated repeated migratory trips of a trans-Saharan endangered migratory raptor, the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, tracked by GPS satellite telemetry. We compared between- and within-individual variation in migratory routes and timing in order to assess the degree of repeatability (or conversely, the flexibility) in migration. To this end, we analysed a dataset of 48 trips (23 springs and 25 autumns) recorded for six adult birds during 2007-2013. Our results showed consistent migration timing at the individual level, both in spring and autumn. Interestingly, there was a high degree of flexibility in the routes followed by the same individual in different years, probably due to variations in meteorological conditions. Contrary to expectations of a faster migration in spring than in autumn owing to a time-minimization strategy for breeding, birds spent less time in autumn migration (13 ± 2 days, range = 9-18 d) than in spring migration (19 ± 3 days, range = 13-26 d), which can be explained by differences in environmental con- ditions en route. Egyptian vultures showed a consistent clockwise loop migration through western Africa, following more easterly routes in autumn than in spring. Finally, our results provide supporting evidence of low phenotypic plasticity in timing of migration (i.e. strong endogenous control of migration) and high flexibility in routes [Current Zoology 60 (5): 642-652, 2014].

利用2010年第六次人口普查数据,对我国人口迁移的特征及其影响因素进行研究.首先分析了包括年龄、性别、受教育程度和职业分布等在内的迁移人群的社会经济特征,继而从迁移原因、迁移人口的城乡分布、迁移时间、迁移类型与属性的交叉分析等方面探讨了人口迁移的类型学特征.引入就业可达性概念,分析了人口迁移率的空间格局、就业可达性与人口迁移率的空间匹配关系以及人口迁移流的空间格局,发现通过就业可达性格局可以很好地解释人口迁移率的分布.最后,采取多元线性回归技术研究了人口迁移的影响因素,结果表明,迁入地城镇居民收入与迁移率呈正相关关系,而迁出地城镇收入、迁入地的科技文化水平、迁移距离和迁入地农村收入则与迁移率呈负相关关系.

类比是将一类事物的某些方面进行比较,常以某一事物的正确或谬误证明这一事物的正确或谬误.类比法属于平行式思维方式,因此经类比后的推理也叫平行式推理.类比法的作用是由此及彼,因而类比法的特点是:先比后推.迁移是一个多角度、多方位的动词,这里所讲的迁移是知识点的迁移,有时我们还讲学习的迁移,它是学习活动中的一种方法,即把已获得的知识、情感和态度对后

动脉粥样硬化是血管慢性增殖性炎症过程,也是对血管损伤的反应和修复过程.高迁移率蛋白l作为一种重要的晚期炎症介质,参与多种炎性疾病的发生发展.Toll样受体是最重要的先天免疫系统的模式识别受体识别微生物的病原相关分子模式.高迁移率蛋白1可能通过Toll样受体激活炎性反应,参与动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展.