科创中国

介绍系统化知识在其建立、理解和运用过程中,所表现出的对学生的学习行为和教师的教学策略所产生的影响.

英语和法语同属于印欧语系,在语音、词汇和句法和时态上有很多相似之处.英语对法语的学习同时具有正迁移和负迁移.是回避还是直面语言迁移?其实,回避是回避不了的.直面迁移,明晰英语和法语的相似点和相异点,有助于强化其正迁移和克服负迁移.因此,英法互译可以成为法语教学的重要手段.

Recently-developed capabilities for tracking the movements of individual birds over the course of a year or longer has provided increasing evidence for consistent individual differences in migration schedules and destinations. This raises questions about the relative importance of individual consistency versus flexibility in the evolution of migration strategies, and has implications for the ability of populations to respond to climatic change. Using geolocators, we tracked the migrations of Scopoli's shearwaters Calonectris diomedea breeding in Linosa (Italy) across three years, and analysed timing and spatial aspects of their movements. Birds showed remarkable variation in their main wintering destination along the western coast of Africa. We found significant individual consistency in the total distance traveled, time spent in transit, and time that individuals spent in the win- tering areas. We found extensive sex differences in scheduling, duration, distances and destinations of migratory journeys. We also found sex differences in the degree of individual consistency in aspects of migration behaviour. Despite strong evidence for individual consistency, which indicates that migration journeys from the same bird tended to be more similar than those of dif- ferent birds, there remained substantial intra-individual variation between years. Indeed, we also found clear annual differences in departure dates, return dates, wintering period, the total distance traveled and re~rn routes from wintering grounds back to the colony. These findings show that this population flexibly shifts migration schedules as well as routes between years in response to direct or indirect effects of heterogeneity in the environment, while maintaining consistent individual migration strategies [Current Zoology 60 (5): 631-641, 2014].

综述了纳米复合食品包装材料中纳米成分检测与迁移的国内外研究进展,重点就纳米复合包装材料中纳米成分检测的前处理方法、形貌检测和含量检测方法以及迁移研究进展进行了总结,为进一步的理论和实验研究提供参考.

本文借鉴国内外有关元认知和学习策略理论的研究成果,结合近年来写作教学改革,尝试利用大学英语综合课教学进行元认知策略培训,以写作训练为立足点,探索以写作为突破口的大学英语教学模式.

我们经常遇到这样的情况,学生在学习物理知识时轻松、愉快,学习兴趣浓厚,可在解决实际问题时,往往一筹莫展,束手无策.究其原因是,在教学中重知识轻能力、学不致用.这种反差现象使我意识到:学生仅仅是懂得了物理知识还不足够,还要培养学生应用知识解决实际问题的能力,特别是知识迁移的能力.学生在学习过程中通过举一反三、触类旁通,把学到的某些物理原理、物理知识应用到学习新的知识或解决问题的活动中去,这就实现了知识的迁移.

Satellite-tracking technology has allowed scientists to make a quantum leap in the field of migration ecology. Nowadays, the basic description of migratory routes of many species of birds has been reported. However, the investigation of bird migration at individual level (i.e. repeatability in migratory routes and timing) still remains seldom explored. Here, we investigated repeated migratory trips of a trans-Saharan endangered migratory raptor, the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, tracked by GPS satellite telemetry. We compared between- and within-individual variation in migratory routes and timing in order to assess the degree of repeatability (or conversely, the flexibility) in migration. To this end, we analysed a dataset of 48 trips (23 springs and 25 autumns) recorded for six adult birds during 2007-2013. Our results showed consistent migration timing at the individual level, both in spring and autumn. Interestingly, there was a high degree of flexibility in the routes followed by the same individual in different years, probably due to variations in meteorological conditions. Contrary to expectations of a faster migration in spring than in autumn owing to a time-minimization strategy for breeding, birds spent less time in autumn migration (13 ± 2 days, range = 9-18 d) than in spring migration (19 ± 3 days, range = 13-26 d), which can be explained by differences in environmental con- ditions en route. Egyptian vultures showed a consistent clockwise loop migration through western Africa, following more easterly routes in autumn than in spring. Finally, our results provide supporting evidence of low phenotypic plasticity in timing of migration (i.e. strong endogenous control of migration) and high flexibility in routes [Current Zoology 60 (5): 642-652, 2014].

利用2010年第六次人口普查数据,对我国人口迁移的特征及其影响因素进行研究.首先分析了包括年龄、性别、受教育程度和职业分布等在内的迁移人群的社会经济特征,继而从迁移原因、迁移人口的城乡分布、迁移时间、迁移类型与属性的交叉分析等方面探讨了人口迁移的类型学特征.引入就业可达性概念,分析了人口迁移率的空间格局、就业可达性与人口迁移率的空间匹配关系以及人口迁移流的空间格局,发现通过就业可达性格局可以很好地解释人口迁移率的分布.最后,采取多元线性回归技术研究了人口迁移的影响因素,结果表明,迁入地城镇居民收入与迁移率呈正相关关系,而迁出地城镇收入、迁入地的科技文化水平、迁移距离和迁入地农村收入则与迁移率呈负相关关系.

类比是将一类事物的某些方面进行比较,常以某一事物的正确或谬误证明这一事物的正确或谬误.类比法属于平行式思维方式,因此经类比后的推理也叫平行式推理.类比法的作用是由此及彼,因而类比法的特点是:先比后推.迁移是一个多角度、多方位的动词,这里所讲的迁移是知识点的迁移,有时我们还讲学习的迁移,它是学习活动中的一种方法,即把已获得的知识、情感和态度对后